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index.xml
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<?xml version="1.0" encoding="utf-8" standalone="yes"?><rss version="2.0" xmlns:atom="http://www.w3.org/2005/Atom"><channel><title>初等記憶體</title><link>https://axionl.me/</link><description>Recent content on 初等記憶體</description><generator>Hugo -- gohugo.io</generator><language>zh-cn</language><lastBuildDate>Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000</lastBuildDate><atom:link href="https://axionl.me/index.xml" rel="self" type="application/rss+xml"/><item><title>About</title><link>https://axionl.me/about/</link><pubDate>Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://axionl.me/about/</guid><description><h2 id="記憶體自述">記憶體自述</h2>
<div style="position: relative; text-align: center; height: auto;">
<iframe
src="//music.163.com/outchain/player?id=1903723794&auto=0&amp;height=66&amp;type=2"
frameborder="no"
>
</iframe>
</div>
<p>直到一切都消失不见，才发现曾经近在眼前。</p>
<p>无法阻止，也无法释怀。</p>
<p>唯有记录，</p>
<p>在我身边。</p>
<p style="text-align: right">
<img src="https://axionl.me/img/sign.svg"/>
</p>
<blockquote>
<p>其餘資訊</p>
<ul>
<li><a class="link" href="https://t.me/loving4ever" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>Telegram: 言文</a></li>
<li><a class="link" href="https://github.com/axionl.gpg" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>GPG: 1FDB DCE2 D26B D8F1 00EE 2E73 B1B9 AAD8 BE7E 7326</a></li>
<li><a class="link" href="https://amane-live.fars.ee/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>余忆留声机: 一种相思，两处闲愁</a></li>
</ul>
</blockquote></description></item><item><title>Photos</title><link>https://axionl.me/photos/</link><pubDate>Wed, 23 Nov 2022 00:00:00 +0000</pubDate><guid>https://axionl.me/photos/</guid><description/></item><item><title>Maddy 自建邮件服务</title><link>https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/</link><pubDate>Mon, 10 Jan 2022 22:15:41 +0800</pubDate><guid>https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/</guid><description><img src="https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/banner.png" alt="Featured image of post Maddy 自建邮件服务" /><p>从白嫖 Yandex 域名邮箱到 FastMail 付费托管邮箱，一直在找适合自己的域名邮件服务，传统的自建方式模块过于分散，上手难度较大，后在 NickCao 老师推荐下尝试了 Maddy。Maddy 目前只提供了命令行运行的 Linux 服务端，WebUI 或者本地客户端需自行选择，仅需手动配置一下 POP3/IMAP（收） 和 SMTP（发） 服务端地址即可。我目前使用的是 <a class="link" href="https://www.thunderbird.net/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>Thunderbird</a> （电脑）和 <a class="link" href="https://k9mail.app/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>K-9 Mail</a>（Android）。</p>
<blockquote>
<p>下载：<a class="link" href="https://github.com/foxcpp/maddy/releases" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>Github</a> | <a class="link" href="https://maddy.email/builds/" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>上游服务器</a>
文档：<a class="link" href="https://maddy.email" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>maddy.email</a></p>
</blockquote>
<h2 id="服务器">服务器</h2>
<p>部分 VPS 提供商会为了防止广告等原因会禁用 25 号 TCP 端口的 SMTP 端口，但多数情况下（比如 Google Cloud 就不允许）也可以开工单说明邮箱用途和性质，对于个人性质的域名邮箱来说一般不会有太多限制。如果机器本身或者 VPS 提供商还配有防火墙，请打开对应端口（<code>25</code>,<code>465</code>,<code>993</code>）。</p>
<p>使用邮件服务需要关闭 CDN 代理，故存在机器 IP 暴露风险，在选择机器时候注意<strong>避开其它敏感数据服务</strong>。</p>
<h2 id="配置">配置</h2>
<p>可以从 docker 拉取，但这里以 binary + 自己配置方式为主。</p>
<h3 id="maddyconf">maddy.conf</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><a class="link" href="https://github.com/foxcpp/maddy/blob/master/maddy.conf" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>完整版配置</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>一般放在 <code>/etc/maddy/maddy.conf</code></p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
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<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 预设了三个变量，方便后续使用
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="k">$(hostname)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">mail.example.com</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">example.com</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">=</span> $<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 如果要使用 nginx 反代，这里可以选择 tls off，但如此一来没法生成 dkim 密钥对
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 在之后检查时日志内会有安全警告，故推荐直接用 maddy 管理
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># tls off
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="s">tls</span> <span class="s">file</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(local_domains)/fullchain.pem</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(local_domains)/privkey.pem</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 数据用 SQLite3 存储较为简单、轻量
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="s">auth.pass_table</span> <span class="s">local_authdb</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">table</span> <span class="s">sql_table</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">driver</span> <span class="s">sqlite3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">dsn</span> <span class="s">credentials.db</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">table_name</span> <span class="s">passwords</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">storage.imapsql</span> <span class="s">local_mailboxes</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">driver</span> <span class="s">sqlite3</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">dsn</span> <span class="s">imapsql.db</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># SMTP endpoints + message routing
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">hostname</span> $<span class="s">(hostname)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">table.chain</span> <span class="s">local_rewrites</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">optional_step</span> <span class="s">regexp</span> <span class="s">&#34;(.+)\+(.+)@(.+)&#34;</span> <span class="s">&#34;</span><span class="nv">$1@$3&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">optional_step</span> <span class="s">static</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">entry</span> <span class="s">postmaster</span> <span class="s">postmaster@</span>$<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">optional_step</span> <span class="s">file</span> <span class="s">/etc/maddy/aliases</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">msgpipeline</span> <span class="s">local_routing</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">destination</span> <span class="s">postmaster</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">modify</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">replace_rcpt</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_rewrites</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">deliver_to</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_mailboxes</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_destination</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">reject</span> <span class="mi">550</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="s">.1.1</span> <span class="s">&#34;User</span> <span class="s">doesn&#39;t</span> <span class="s">exist&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># smtp 使用 25 号端口发送邮件
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="s">smtp</span> <span class="s">tcp://[::]:25</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># tls self_signed
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">limits</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Up to 20 msgs/sec across max. 10 SMTP connections.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">all</span> <span class="s">rate</span> <span class="mi">20</span> <span class="s">1s</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">all</span> <span class="s">concurrency</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">dmarc</span> <span class="s">yes</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">check</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">require_mx_record</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">dkim</span> <span class="c1"># 若无则不检查
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="s">spf</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">source</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">reject</span> <span class="mi">501</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="s">.1.8</span> <span class="s">&#34;Use</span> <span class="s">Submission</span> <span class="s">for</span> <span class="s">outgoing</span> <span class="s">SMTP&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_source</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">destination</span> <span class="s">postmaster</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">deliver_to</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_routing</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_destination</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">reject</span> <span class="mi">550</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="s">.1.1</span> <span class="s">&#34;User</span> <span class="s">doesn&#39;t</span> <span class="s">exist&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 如果使用 nginx 反代则这里监听到本地端口即可 tcp://127.0.0.1:587
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 不使用则邮件客户端以 SSL/TLS 方式直接访问该地址
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="s">submission</span> <span class="s">tls://[::]:465</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">limits</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Up to 50 msgs/sec across any amount of SMTP connections.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">all</span> <span class="s">rate</span> <span class="mi">50</span> <span class="s">1s</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">auth</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_authdb</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">source</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">check</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">authorize_sender</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">prepare_email</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_rewrites</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">user_to_email</span> <span class="s">identity</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">destination</span> <span class="s">postmaster</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">deliver_to</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_routing</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_destination</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">modify</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">dkim</span> $<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="s">default</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">deliver_to</span> <span class="s">&amp;remote_queue</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_source</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">reject</span> <span class="mi">501</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="s">.1.8</span> <span class="s">&#34;Non-local</span> <span class="s">sender</span> <span class="s">domain&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">target.remote</span> <span class="s">outbound_delivery</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">limits</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># Up to 20 msgs/sec across max. 10 SMTP connections
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="c1"># for each recipient domain.
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">destination</span> <span class="s">rate</span> <span class="mi">20</span> <span class="s">1s</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">destination</span> <span class="s">concurrency</span> <span class="mi">10</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">mx_auth</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">dane</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">mtasts</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">cache</span> <span class="s">fs</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">fs_dir</span> <span class="s">mtasts_cache/</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">local_policy</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">min_tls_level</span> <span class="s">encrypted</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">min_mx_level</span> <span class="s">none</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="s">target.queue</span> <span class="s">remote_queue</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">target</span> <span class="s">&amp;outbound_delivery</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">autogenerated_msg_domain</span> $<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">bounce</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">destination</span> <span class="s">postmaster</span> $<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">deliver_to</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_routing</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">default_destination</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">reject</span> <span class="mi">550</span> <span class="mi">5</span><span class="s">.0.0</span> <span class="s">&#34;Refusing</span> <span class="s">to</span> <span class="s">send</span> <span class="s">DSNs</span> <span class="s">to</span> <span class="s">non-local</span> <span class="s">addresses&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># ----------------------------------------------------------------------------
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># IMAP endpoints
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"># 同上，使用 nginx 反代则改为监听本地端口 tcp://127.0.0.1:143
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="s">imap</span> <span class="s">tls://[::]:993</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">auth</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_authdb</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="s">storage</span> <span class="s">&amp;local_mailboxes</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="err">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h3 id="nginx-config可选">Nginx Config（可选）</h3>
<p>如果是由 Maddy 自身直接处理 TLS 则不需要该项配置</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt"> 1
</span><span class="lnt"> 2
</span><span class="lnt"> 3
</span><span class="lnt"> 4
</span><span class="lnt"> 5
</span><span class="lnt"> 6
</span><span class="lnt"> 7
</span><span class="lnt"> 8
</span><span class="lnt"> 9
</span><span class="lnt">10
</span><span class="lnt">11
</span><span class="lnt">12
</span><span class="lnt">13
</span><span class="lnt">14
</span><span class="lnt">15
</span><span class="lnt">16
</span><span class="lnt">17
</span><span class="lnt">18
</span><span class="lnt">19
</span><span class="lnt">20
</span><span class="lnt">21
</span><span class="lnt">22
</span><span class="lnt">23
</span><span class="lnt">24
</span><span class="lnt">25
</span><span class="lnt">26
</span><span class="lnt">27
</span><span class="lnt">28
</span><span class="lnt">29
</span><span class="lnt">30
</span><span class="lnt">31
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">upstream</span> <span class="s">maddy_imaps</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># 指向本地 Maddy IMAP 监听服务端口
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">server</span> <span class="n">127.0.0.1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">143</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">upstream</span> <span class="s">maddy_smtps</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="c1"># 指向本地 Maddy SMTP 服务监听端口
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">server</span> <span class="n">127.0.0.1</span><span class="p">:</span><span class="mi">587</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">listen</span> <span class="mi">993</span> <span class="s">ssl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">proxy_pass</span> <span class="s">maddy_imaps</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_certificate</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/&lt;example.com&gt;/fullchain.pem</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1"># 换成自己的域名证书
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">ssl_certificate_key</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/&lt;example.com&gt;/privkey.pem</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1"># 换成自己的域名证书
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">ssl_protocols</span> <span class="s">SSLv3</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.1</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.2</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.3</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_ciphers</span> <span class="s">HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_session_timeout</span> <span class="s">4h</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_handshake_timeout</span> <span class="s">30s</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">server</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">listen</span> <span class="mi">465</span> <span class="s">ssl</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">proxy_pass</span> <span class="s">maddy_smtps</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_certificate</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/&lt;example.com&gt;/fullchain.pem</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1"># managed by Certbot
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">ssl_certificate_key</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/&lt;example.com&gt;/privkey.pem</span><span class="p">;</span> <span class="c1"># managed by Certbot
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="kn">ssl_protocols</span> <span class="s">SSLv3</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.1</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.2</span> <span class="s">TLSv1.3</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_ciphers</span> <span class="s">HIGH:!aNULL:!MD5</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_session_timeout</span> <span class="s">4h</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kn">ssl_handshake_timeout</span> <span class="s">30s</span><span class="p">;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h3 id="注册账户">注册账户</h3>
<p>maddy 的 systemd service 正常启动后可以使用：</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span><span class="lnt">2
</span><span class="lnt">3
</span><span class="lnt">4
</span><span class="lnt">5
</span><span class="lnt">6
</span><span class="lnt">7
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ sudo -u maddy -s <span class="c1"># 切换到 maddy 用户</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl creds create &lt;[email protected]&gt; --password &lt;YourPassword&gt;
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl creds list <span class="c1"># 查看你刚创建的用户名</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl imap-acct create &lt;[email protected]&gt; <span class="c1"># 创建一个邮件储存账户</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl imap-acct list <span class="c1"># 查看刚创建的 imap 储存账户</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl imap-mboxes list &lt;[email protected]&gt; <span class="c1"># 可以看到该账户下有哪些分类</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ maddyctl imap-msgs list &lt;[email protected]&gt; &lt;INBOX&gt; <span class="c1"># 可以查看当前账户对应分类接收到的邮件，一般收件在 INBOX 中</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h2 id="dns-设置">DNS 设置</h2>
<p>这里以 Cloudflare 托管 DNS 服务为例，其它应该也能找到对应 DNS 设置面板。使用了子域名 <code>mail.example.com</code> 作为邮件服务专用。</p>
<table>
<thead>
<tr>
<th style="text-align:center">类型</th>
<th style="text-align:center">名称</th>
<th style="text-align:center">内容</th>
<th>代理状态</th>
</tr>
</thead>
<tbody>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">A</td>
<td style="text-align:center">mail</td>
<td style="text-align:center">服务器实际 IPv4 地址</td>
<td>仅限 DNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">AAAA</td>
<td style="text-align:center">mail</td>
<td style="text-align:center">服务器实际 IPv6 地址（如果有）</td>
<td>仅限 DNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">MX</td>
<td style="text-align:center">@</td>
<td style="text-align:center">mail.example.com</td>
<td>仅限 DNS</td>
</tr>
<tr>
<td style="text-align:center">TXT</td>
<td style="text-align:center">mail</td>
<td style="text-align:center">v=spf1 mx ~all</td>
<td>仅限 DNS</td>
</tr>
</tbody>
</table>
<p>spf 值这里推荐使用仅允许 mx，若有其他来源也可以添加。</p>
<h2 id="reverse-dns">Reverse DNS</h2>
<p>为了避免拒收，进一步提高邮件投递率，需要配置 rDNS 以便收信方邮件服务商溯源。</p>
<p>以 Vultr 为例，其 Reverse DNS 页面在 <code>机器详情 &gt; Settings &gt; IPv4 / IPv6</code> 选项卡内，在 Reverse DNS 中填入自己的邮件服务域名即可，如 mail.example.com，如果存在多条公共 IP 地址，则都需要填写。</p>
<h2 id="多域名配置-如无可跳过">多域名配置 (如无可跳过)</h2>
<ol>
<li>在 <code>local_domains</code> 后面加上新的域名</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span><span class="lnt">2
</span><span class="lnt">3
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">$(primary_domain)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">example.com</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$<span class="s">(secondary_domain)</span> <span class="p">=</span> <span class="s">example.org</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$<span class="s">(local_domains)</span> <span class="p">=</span> $<span class="s">(primary_domain)</span> $<span class="s">(secondary_domain)</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><ol start="2">
<li>在 tls file 后面添加对应的证书，如果用 nginx 反代的话则添加对应的 host 路由和域名。</li>
</ol>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-nginx" data-lang="nginx"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="k">tls</span> <span class="s">file</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(primary_domain)/fullchain.pem</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(primary_domain)/privkey.pem</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(secondary_domain)/fullchain.pem</span> <span class="s">/etc/letsencrypt/live/</span>$<span class="s">(secondary_domain)/privkey.pem</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><ol start="3">
<li>
<p>将新域名的 dkim 密钥内容也添加到 DNS 的 TXT 记录中</p>
</li>
<li>
<p>dmarc 和 rDNS 同理</p>
</li>
</ol>
<h2 id="客户端">客户端</h2>
<p>客户端有诸多选择，不变的是手动设置方式：</p>
<ul>
<li>IMAP 和 SMTP 服务器地址都设置为 <code>mail.example.com</code>，连接方式均为 <code>SSL/TLS</code>，用户名和密码均为先前所设置，认证方式均为 <code>Normal Password</code>。</li>
<li>IMAP 端口为 <code>993</code>，</li>
<li>SMTP 端口为 <code>465</code></li>
</ul>
<h2 id="小结">小结</h2>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/oh_my_yandex.jpg"
width="300"
height="300"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/oh_my_yandex_hu01f01a67232b7fa6f27a9ebc9f5bf054_12968_480x0_resize_q75_box.jpg 480w, https://axionl.me/p/maddy-%E8%87%AA%E5%BB%BA%E9%82%AE%E4%BB%B6%E6%9C%8D%E5%8A%A1/oh_my_yandex_hu01f01a67232b7fa6f27a9ebc9f5bf054_12968_1024x0_resize_q75_box.jpg 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="Oh My Yandex"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="100"
data-flex-basis="240px"
></p>
<p>可以写一些稍微正经的内容，发送到 <a class="link" href="https://www.mail-tester.com" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>https://www.mail-tester.com</a> 内所给的邮件地址，来测试自己的邮箱评分。</p>
<p>虽然说自建邮箱可能还是存在邮件投递到垃圾箱里的问题，但有了 Maddy 后搭建一个自己的域名邮箱确实变成了相对简单的工作。</p></description></item><item><title>[OhMyQt 系列] _00__搭建环境</title><link>https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/</link><pubDate>Sat, 24 Jul 2021 00:39:13 +0800</pubDate><guid>https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/</guid><description><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/banner.png" alt="Featured image of post [OhMyQt 系列] _00__搭建环境" /><h2 id="前言">前言</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>项目地址: <a class="link" href="https://github.com/axionl/OhMyQt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>axionl/OhMyQt</a></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>项目在 Windows 11 和 ArchLinux 下进行测试</li>
<li>Qt 版本: 5.15.2</li>
</ul>
<p>本文是 OhMyQt 系列的第 00 章节，主要介绍在 Windows 11 和 ArchLinux 下如何搭建一个可用的 Qt 开发环境。</p>
<h2 id="在-archlinux-上搭建">在 ArchLinux 上搭建</h2>
<h3 id="基本软件安装">基本软件安装</h3>
<p>首先你需要安装 qt5-base，同时推荐安装对应的文档包 qt5-doc</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span><span class="lnt">2
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ sudo pacman -S qt5-base
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ sudo pacman -S qt5-doc <span class="c1"># 可选</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>然后安装一个合用的编辑器，这里推荐使用 qtcreator</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ sudo pacman -S qtcreator
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>因为本教程主要是介绍 QML 的开发，所以还需要安装 qt5-declarative</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ sudo pacman -S qt5-declarative
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>安装完成之后验证版本信息</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt"> 1
</span><span class="lnt"> 2
</span><span class="lnt"> 3
</span><span class="lnt"> 4
</span><span class="lnt"> 5
</span><span class="lnt"> 6
</span><span class="lnt"> 7
</span><span class="lnt"> 8
</span><span class="lnt"> 9
</span><span class="lnt">10
</span><span class="lnt">11
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-bash" data-lang="bash"><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ qmake -v
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">QMake version 3.1
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Using Qt version 5.15.2 in /usr/lib
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ pacman -Qs qt5-declarative
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">local/qt5-declarative 5.15.2+kde+r29-1 <span class="o">(</span>qt qt5<span class="o">)</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> Classes <span class="k">for</span> QML and JavaScript languages
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">$ qtcreator -version
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">Qt Creator 4.15.2 based on Qt 5.15.2
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><h3 id="软件配置">软件配置</h3>
<p>首先打开 qtcreator，新建一个 QtQuick 项目</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator1.png"
width="1901"
height="1039"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator1_hu9cc792a18713befa1403035370c08e65_117515_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator1_hu9cc792a18713befa1403035370c08e65_117515_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="新建项目"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="182"
data-flex-basis="439px"
></p>
<p>然后输入名称和路径</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator2.png"
width="791"
height="519"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator2_hu82ebd35a7a537086a44dfe1df5c51482_34221_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator2_hu82ebd35a7a537086a44dfe1df5c51482_34221_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="项目名和路径"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="152"
data-flex-basis="365px"
></p>
<p>下一步编译系统建议选择 cmake</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator3.png"
width="801"
height="528"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator3_hu83a700fec5c8bc92f5882469d3c9647c_24219_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator3_hu83a700fec5c8bc92f5882469d3c9647c_24219_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="编译系统"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="151"
data-flex-basis="364px"
></p>
<p>QT 版本保持默认</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator4.png"
width="802"
height="527"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator4_hu4e4328150d0e1974479982c49c290434_27008_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator4_hu4e4328150d0e1974479982c49c290434_27008_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="QT 版本"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="152"
data-flex-basis="365px"
></p>
<p>因为暂时是教学项目，暂时不添加语言文件</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator5.png"
width="797"
height="526"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator5_hub4baf059e27fe7b35971168e3ae803de_34446_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator5_hub4baf059e27fe7b35971168e3ae803de_34446_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="语言文件"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="151"
data-flex-basis="363px"
></p>
<p>kit 保持默认的 Desktop 就好，因为我们最终也是要做一个桌面应用</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator6.png"
width="795"
height="527"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator6_hu5d51efb104b39963d45195934fa21366_29308_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator6_hu5d51efb104b39963d45195934fa21366_29308_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="Kit"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="150"
data-flex-basis="362px"
></p>
<p>会创建的文件如下所示，你也可以选择加入 git 作为版本控制</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator7.png"
width="793"
height="524"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator7_hu6a73af58d9accf7d29cff1cb151119d5_41002_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator7_hu6a73af58d9accf7d29cff1cb151119d5_41002_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="summary"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="151"
data-flex-basis="363px"
></p>
<p>点击左下角的运行按钮，就可以看到运行的 HelloWorld 窗口了</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator8.png"
width="1899"
height="1036"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator8_hu17238bd37e7d8ec27abbdccce7f9c34e_89297_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/qtcreator8_hu17238bd37e7d8ec27abbdccce7f9c34e_89297_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="HelloWorld"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="183"
data-flex-basis="439px"
></p>
<p>恭喜你，已经搭建好了本教程的开发环境！</p>
<h2 id="在-windows-11-上搭建">在 Windows 11 上搭建</h2>
<h3 id="通过-installer-安装">通过 Installer 安装</h3>
<blockquote>
<p><a class="link" href="https://www.qt.io/download" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>https://www.qt.io/download</a></p>
</blockquote>
<p>注册账号并下载开源版本（需遵守 GPL 许可并限于个人使用）</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/installation_folder.png"
width="952"
height="632"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/installation_folder_hu65d40ae02004ed0aec9f4b6e8006dc1d_233150_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/installation_folder_hu65d40ae02004ed0aec9f4b6e8006dc1d_233150_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="installation folder"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="150"
data-flex-basis="361px"
></p>
<p><strong>此处安装路径至今未支持带空格</strong>，故不要选择常见的 <code>C:\Program Files</code> 等目录</p>
<p>手动最小化安装则选择 <code>Custom Installation</code></p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/select_components.png"
width="1187"
height="632"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/select_components_hue6768a7fe11425ee2810af592f8759dd_307295_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/select_components_hue6768a7fe11425ee2810af592f8759dd_307295_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="select components"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="187"
data-flex-basis="450px"
></p>
<p>至少需要选择一个版本的 Qt 支持（如 <code>MinGW 8.1.0 64-bit</code> 包含了 Qt 和其他所需的一些环境），而 <code>QtCreator</code> 作为 IDE 在下方已经被默认勾选了，还有 <code>CMake</code> 如果需要或是已经手动安装则可消去。等待联网装好后即可使用</p>
<h3 id="通过第三方包管理器安装">通过第三方包管理器安装</h3>
<p><code>chocolately</code> 也提供了 <a class="link" href="https://community.chocolatey.org/packages/qtcreator" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>QtCreator</a> 的安装脚本和基本的 <a class="link" href="https://community.chocolatey.org/packages/qt5-default" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>Qt5 SDK</a> 环境</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span></code></pre></td>
<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-PowerShell" data-lang="PowerShell"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="n">choco</span> <span class="n">install</span> <span class="n">-y</span> <span class="nb">qt5-default</span> <span class="n">qtcreato</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>脚本会自动下载安装，默认路径为 <code>C:\Qt</code></p>
<h3 id="配置工具链">配置工具链</h3>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/toolkits.png"
width="993"
height="714"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/toolkits_hu4d86a381a539d2b3e5022c6c05038585_42673_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/toolkits_hu4d86a381a539d2b3e5022c6c05038585_42673_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="toolkits"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="139"
data-flex-basis="333px"
></p>
<p>QtCreator 左边 <code>Projects</code> 有配置工具链的地方，通常来说会自动检测是否已经安装对应工具并设置，如果需要自定义或者不在查找范围内的目录，则可以手动进行指定。</p>
<p>若在开发时终端需要运行 Qt 程序，则需要将库所在目录添加到环境变量 <code>PATH</code> 中（如 <code>C:\Qt\5.15.2\mingw81_64\bin</code>）</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/environment.png"
width="618"
height="585"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/environment_hu3b5b6aaa656ce69f1077215323465e69_28183_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-_00__%E6%90%AD%E5%BB%BA%E7%8E%AF%E5%A2%83/environment_hu3b5b6aaa656ce69f1077215323465e69_28183_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="environment"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="105"
data-flex-basis="253px"
></p>
<p>若是打包和分发的话则需要带上对应的动态链接库。</p>
<h2 id="小结">小结</h2>
<p>Linux 平台上开发相对方便，而 Windows 平台上开发则受到没有合适包管理的限制，需要自己折腾一下。下一节将会正式开始教程中的第一个 Demo，一个用于展示自己内容的 Hello World 程序。</p></description></item><item><title>[OhMyQt 系列] 01_HelloWorld</title><link>https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/</link><pubDate>Tue, 20 Jul 2021 10:58:40 +0800</pubDate><guid>https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/</guid><description><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/banner.png" alt="Featured image of post [OhMyQt 系列] 01_HelloWorld" /><h2 id="前言">前言</h2>
<blockquote>
<p>项目地址: <a class="link" href="https://github.com/axionl/OhMyQt" target="_blank" rel="noopener"
>axionl/OhMyQt</a></p>
</blockquote>
<ul>
<li>项目在 Windows 11 和 ArchLinux 下进行测试</li>
<li>Qt 版本: 5.15.2</li>
</ul>
<p>本文以项目构建的角度介绍一个简单 Qt 应用的开发，其余具体的环境安装和配置稍后会在第 0 节内容中放出。</p>
<h2 id="从看见到设计">从看见到设计</h2>
<p>我们需要一个简单的展示页面作为上手的第一个项目：</p>
<ul>
<li>一个醒目的标题</li>
<li>一段用于描述的文字</li>
<li>还有一个好看的背景</li>
</ul>
<p>假设我们已经做了出来，它长下面这个样子，你需要做的是把它保留在你的想象中，我们再回过头来考虑如何实现。</p>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/preview.png"
width="1920"
height="1080"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/preview_hu85caa472e9bc90ba71d5339c7711fdd3_1488388_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/preview_hu85caa472e9bc90ba71d5339c7711fdd3_1488388_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="preview"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="177"
data-flex-basis="426px"
></p>
<h3 id="布局">布局</h3>
<p>我们把窗口想象成一个盒子（而不是一个平面或者一张桌子，因为盒子横看有四壁，俯瞰有纵深），而所需要填入的内容当成另一个小些的盒子，套入到窗口这个大盒子中。结合我们多年糊 PPT 的水平，可以对界面有如下设计要求：</p>
<ul>
<li>内容整体居中</li>
<li>标题和描述上下排布</li>
<li>内容之间最好有一定的间距</li>
</ul>
<p><img src="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/layout.png"
width="730"
height="549"
srcset="https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/layout_hua50c8d7697c036278e5e2f296d277e31_33333_480x0_resize_box_3.png 480w, https://axionl.me/p/ohmyqt-%E7%B3%BB%E5%88%97-01_helloworld/layout_hua50c8d7697c036278e5e2f296d277e31_33333_1024x0_resize_box_3.png 1024w"
loading="lazy"
alt="layout"
class="gallery-image"
data-flex-grow="132"
data-flex-basis="319px"
></p>
<p>如上图所示，我们把这一些要求的集合称为 “布局” 也即 Layout，它决定了我们软件设计的基本框架。上面的每一项具体内容称为 “元素” 即 Element / Item。有的人设计 PPT 的时候会说：“应甲方要求，标题一定要大！”，那这属于元素的“属性”，即 Property。于是我们来抽象实现一下这个布局（<strong>注意不是直接能用的代码</strong>）：</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt">1
</span><span class="lnt">2
</span><span class="lnt">3
</span><span class="lnt">4
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<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-qml" data-lang="qml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1">// 基本元素如下
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span><span class="nx">Window</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// 窗口一个大盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="nx">Box</span> <span class="p">{</span> <span class="c1">// 里面套个小盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="nx">Title</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="c1">// 盒子里面有标题
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="nx">Description</span> <span class="p">{}</span> <span class="c1">// 标题下面有描述
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>进一步加上居中对齐和间距：</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code><span class="lnt"> 1
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<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-qml" data-lang="qml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nx">Window</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Box</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.centerIn:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span> <span class="c1">// 居中对齐大盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Title</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.horizontalCenter:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">horizontalCenter</span> <span class="c1">// 水平对齐小盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Description</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.horizontalCenter:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">horizontalCenter</span> <span class="c1">// 水平对齐小盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>可以看到，这里引用了一个 <code>parent</code> 的概念，实际上指代上一层父级元素，套娃套在里面的才是娃，文字和描述的父级元素是小盒子，小盒子的父级元素是大窗口。再补上元素的属性和间距：</p>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
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<td class="lntd">
<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-qml" data-lang="qml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nx">Window</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">width:</span> <span class="mi">960</span> <span class="c1">// 窗口宽度
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">height:</span> <span class="mi">720</span> <span class="c1">// 窗口高度
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Box</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.centerIn:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">implicitWidth:</span> <span class="mi">360</span> <span class="c1">// 宽度 360 单位（多数情况下理解为像素）
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">implicitHeight:</span> <span class="mi">128</span> <span class="c1">// 高度 128 单位
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Title</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.horizontalCenter:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">horizontalCenter</span> <span class="c1">// 水平对齐小盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">font.pixelSize:</span> <span class="mi">24</span> <span class="c1">// 标题一定要大
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Box</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">visible:</span> <span class="kc">false</span> <span class="c1">// 一个看不见的盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">implicitHeight:</span> <span class="mi">16</span> <span class="c1">// 用于拉开标题和描述的间距
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Description</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.horizontalCenter:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">horizontalCenter</span> <span class="c1">// 水平对齐小盒子
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="k">font.pixelSize:</span> <span class="mi">16</span> <span class="c1">// 精致的描述用小字
</span></span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="c1"></span> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="p">}</span>
</span></span></code></pre></td></tr></table>
</div>
</div><p>这些具体元素我们以后会写到如何实现，现在需要用 <code>QtQuick.Controls</code> 提供的一些默认元素替代：</p>
<ul>
<li>Box-&gt;Rectangle</li>
<li>Title / Description -&gt; Text</li>
</ul>
<div class="highlight"><div class="chroma">
<table class="lntable"><tr><td class="lntd">
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<pre tabindex="0" class="chroma"><code class="language-qml" data-lang="qml"><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">QtQuick</span> <span class="mf">2.12</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">QtQuick</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Window</span> <span class="mf">2.12</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="kr">import</span> <span class="nx">QtQuick</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">Controls</span> <span class="mf">2.12</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"><span class="nx">Window</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">width:</span> <span class="mi">960</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">height:</span> <span class="mi">720</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Rectangle</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.centerIn:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">implicitWidth:</span> <span class="mi">360</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">implicitHeight:</span> <span class="mi">128</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">color:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;#ef7e9ceb&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Text</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="kd">id: title</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">anchors.horizontalCenter:</span> <span class="nx">parent</span><span class="p">.</span><span class="nx">horizontalCenter</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">text:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;这是一个大标题&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">font.pixelSize:</span> <span class="mi">48</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="p">}</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl">
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="nx">Rectangle</span> <span class="p">{</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">color:</span> <span class="s2">&#34;transparent&#34;</span>
</span></span><span class="line"><span class="cl"> <span class="k">implicitHeight:</span> <span class="mi">16</span>