poseutils.c

// Copyright (c) 2017-2023 California Institute of Technology ("Caltech"). U.S.
// Government sponsorship acknowledged. All rights reserved.
//
// Licensed under the Apache License, Version 2.0 (the "License");
// You may obtain a copy of the License at
//
//     http://www.apache.org/licenses/LICENSE-2.0

// Apparently I need this in MSVC to get constants
#define _USE_MATH_DEFINES

#include <stdio.h>
#include <string.h>
#include <math.h>

#include "poseutils.h"
#include "strides.h"
#include "minimath/minimath.h"

// All arrays stored in row-major order
//
// I have two different representations of pose transformations:
//
// - Rt is a concatenated (4,3) array: Rt = nps.glue(R,t, axis=-2). The
//   transformation is R*x+t
//
// - rt is a concatenated (6) array: rt = nps.glue(r,t, axis=-1). The
//   transformation is R*x+t where R = R_from_r(r)


// row vectors: vout = matmult(v,Mt)
// equivalent col vector expression: vout = matmult(M,v)
#define mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_scaled_full(vout, vout_stride0,            \
                                         v,    v_stride0,               \
                                         Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1,  \
                                         scale)                         \
    do {                                                                \
        /* needed for in-place operations */                            \
        double outcopy[3] = {                                           \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2) ),    \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2) ),    \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +     \
             _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2) ) };  \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) = outcopy[0];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) = outcopy[1];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) = outcopy[2];                          \
    } while(0)
#define mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_full(vout, vout_stride0,                   \
                                  v,    v_stride0,                      \
                                  Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1)         \
    mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_scaled_full(vout, vout_stride0,                \
                                     v,    v_stride0,                   \
                                     Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1, 1.0)
// row vectors: vout = scale*matmult(v,M)
#define mul_vec3_gen33_vout_scaled_full(vout, vout_stride0,             \
                                        v,    v_stride0,                \
                                        M,    M_stride0, M_stride1,     \
                                        scale)                          \
    do {                                                                \
        /* needed for in-place operations */                            \
        double outcopy[3] = {                                           \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)),        \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)),        \
            scale *                                                     \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)) };      \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) = outcopy[0];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) = outcopy[1];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) = outcopy[2];                          \
    } while(0)
#define mul_vec3_gen33_vout_full(vout, vout_stride0,                   \
                                 v,    v_stride0,                       \
                                 Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1)          \
    mul_vec3_gen33_vout_scaled_full(vout, vout_stride0,                 \
                                    v,    v_stride0,                    \
                                    Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1, 1.0)

// row vectors: vout = matmult(v,Mt)
// equivalent col vector expression: vout = matmult(M,v)
#define mul_vec3_gen33t_vaccum_full(vout, vout_stride0,                 \
                                    v,    v_stride0,                    \
                                    Mt,   Mt_stride0, Mt_stride1)       \
    do {                                                                \
        /* needed for in-place operations */                            \
        double outcopy[3] = {                                           \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) +                                  \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,0,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2),       \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) +                                  \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,1,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2),       \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) +                                  \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +      \
            _P2(Mt,Mt_stride0,Mt_stride1,2,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2) };     \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) = outcopy[0];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) = outcopy[1];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) = outcopy[2];                          \
    } while(0)

// row vectors: vout = scale*matmult(v,M)
#define mul_vec3_gen33_vaccum_scaled_full(vout, vout_stride0,           \
                                          v,    v_stride0,              \
                                          M,    M_stride0, M_stride1,   \
                                          scale)                        \
    do {                                                                \
        /* needed for in-place operations */                            \
        double outcopy[3] = {                                           \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) + scale *                          \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,0)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)),        \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) + scale *                          \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,1)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)),        \
            _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) + scale *                          \
            (_P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,0,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,0) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,1,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,1) +        \
             _P2(M,M_stride0,M_stride1,2,2)*_P1(v,v_stride0,2)) };      \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,0) = outcopy[0];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,1) = outcopy[1];                          \
        _P1(vout,vout_stride0,2) = outcopy[2];                          \
    } while(0)

// multiply two (3,3) matrices
static inline
void mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(// output
                               double* m0m1,
                               int m0m1_stride0, int m0m1_stride1,

                               // input
                               const double* m0,
                               int m0_stride0, int m0_stride1,
                               const double* m1,
                               int m1_stride0, int m1_stride1)
{
    /* needed for in-place operations */
    double outcopy2[9];

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        // one row at a time
        mul_vec3_gen33_vout_scaled_full(&outcopy2[i*3], sizeof(outcopy2[0]),
                                        &_P2(m0  ,  m0_stride0,  m0_stride1,  i,0),   m0_stride1,
                                        m1, m1_stride0, m1_stride1,
                                        1.0);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            P2(m0m1, i,j) = outcopy2[3*i+j];
}
static inline
void mul_gen33t_gen33_vout_full(// output
                                double* m0m1,
                                int m0m1_stride0, int m0m1_stride1,

                                // input
                                const double* m0,
                                int m0_stride0, int m0_stride1,
                                const double* m1,
                                int m1_stride0, int m1_stride1)
{
    mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(m0m1,
                              m0m1_stride0, m0m1_stride1,
                              m0,
                              m0_stride1, m0_stride0,
                              m1,
                              m1_stride0, m1_stride1);
}
static inline
void mul_gen33_gen33t_vout_full(// output
                                double* m0m1,
                                int m0m1_stride0, int m0m1_stride1,

                                // input
                                const double* m0,
                                int m0_stride0, int m0_stride1,
                                const double* m1,
                                int m1_stride0, int m1_stride1)
{
    mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(m0m1,
                              m0m1_stride0, m0m1_stride1,
                              m0,
                              m0_stride0, m0_stride1,
                              m1,
                              m1_stride1, m1_stride0);
}
static inline
void mul_gen33t_gen33t_vout_full(// output
                                double* m0m1,
                                int m0m1_stride0, int m0m1_stride1,

                                // input
                                const double* m0,
                                int m0_stride0, int m0_stride1,
                                const double* m1,
                                int m1_stride0, int m1_stride1)
{
    mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(m0m1,
                              m0m1_stride0, m0m1_stride1,
                              m0,
                              m0_stride1, m0_stride0,
                              m1,
                              m1_stride1, m1_stride0);
}

static inline
double inner3(const double* restrict a,
              const double* restrict b)
{
    double s = 0.0;
    for (int i=0; i<3; i++) s += a[i]*b[i];
    return s;
}




// Make an identity rotation or transformation
void mrcal_identity_R_full(double* R,      // (3,3) array
                           int R_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int R_stride1   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_2D(R, 3,3);
    P2(R, 0,0) = 1.0; P2(R, 0,1) = 0.0; P2(R, 0,2) = 0.0;
    P2(R, 1,0) = 0.0; P2(R, 1,1) = 1.0; P2(R, 1,2) = 0.0;
    P2(R, 2,0) = 0.0; P2(R, 2,1) = 0.0; P2(R, 2,2) = 1.0;
}
void mrcal_identity_r_full(double* r,      // (3,) array
                           int r_stride0   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_1D(r, 3);
    P1(r, 0) = 0.0; P1(r, 1) = 0.0; P1(r, 2) = 0.0;
}
void mrcal_identity_Rt_full(double* Rt,      // (4,3) array
                            int Rt_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                            int Rt_stride1   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                            )
{
    init_stride_2D(Rt, 4,3);
    mrcal_identity_R_full(Rt, Rt_stride0, Rt_stride1);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++) P2(Rt, 3, i) = 0.0;
}
void mrcal_identity_rt_full(double* rt,      // (6,) array
                            int rt_stride0   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                            )
{
    init_stride_1D(rt, 6);
    mrcal_identity_r_full(rt, rt_stride0);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++) P1(rt, i+3) = 0.0;
}

void mrcal_rotate_point_R_full( // output
                               double* x_out,      // (3,) array
                               int x_out_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               double* J_R,        // (3,3,3) array. May be NULL
                               int J_R_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               int J_R_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               int J_R_stride2,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               double* J_x,        // (3,3) array. May be NULL
                               int J_x_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               int J_x_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                               // input
                               const double* R,    // (3,3) array. May be NULL
                               int R_stride0,      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               int R_stride1,      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                               const double* x_in, // (3,) array. May be NULL
                               int x_in_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                               bool inverted       // if true, I apply a
                                                   // rotation in the opposite
                                                   // direction. J_R corresponds
                                                   // to the input R
                                )
{
    init_stride_1D(x_out, 3);
    init_stride_3D(J_R,   3,3,3 );
    init_stride_2D(J_x,   3,3 );
    init_stride_2D(R,     3,3 );
    init_stride_1D(x_in,  3 );

    if(inverted)
    {
        // transpose R
        int tmp;

        tmp = R_stride0;
        R_stride0 = R_stride1;
        R_stride1 = tmp;

        tmp = J_R_stride1;
        J_R_stride1 = J_R_stride2;
        J_R_stride2 = tmp;
    }

    if(J_R)
    {
        // out[i] = inner(R[i,:],in)
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        {
            int j=0;
            for(; j<i; j++)
                for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                    P3(J_R, i,j,k) = 0.0;
            for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                P3(J_R, i,j,k) = P1(x_in, k);
            for(j++; j<3; j++)
                for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                    P3(J_R, i,j,k) = 0.0;
        }
    }
    if(J_x)
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                P2(J_x, i,j) = P2(R, i,j);

    // R*x
    mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_full(x_out, x_out_stride0,
                              x_in,  x_in_stride0,
                              R,     R_stride0, R_stride1);
}


// mrcal_rotate_point_r() uses auto-differentiation, so it's implemented in C++
// in poseutils-uses-autodiff.cc


// Apply a transformation to a point
void mrcal_transform_point_Rt_full( // output
                                   double* x_out,      // (3,) array
                                   int x_out_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   double* J_Rt,       // (3,4,3) array. May be NULL
                                   int J_Rt_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   int J_Rt_stride1,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   int J_Rt_stride2,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   double* J_x,        // (3,3) array. May be NULL
                                   int J_x_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   int J_x_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                                   // input
                                   const double* Rt,   // (4,3) array. May be NULL
                                   int Rt_stride0,     // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   int Rt_stride1,     // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                                   const double* x_in, // (3,) array. May be NULL
                                   int x_in_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                                   bool inverted       // if true, I apply a
                                                       // transformation in the opposite
                                                       // direction. J_Rt corresponds
                                                       // to the input Rt
                                    )
{
    init_stride_1D(x_out, 3);
    init_stride_3D(J_Rt,  3,4,3 );
    // init_stride_2D(J_x,   3,3 );
    init_stride_2D(Rt,    4,3 );
    init_stride_1D(x_in,  3 );

    if(!inverted)
    {
        // for in-place operation
        double t[] = { P2(Rt,3,0), P2(Rt,3,1), P2(Rt,3,2) };

        // I want R*x + t
        // First R*x
        mrcal_rotate_point_R_full(x_out, x_out_stride0,
                                  J_Rt,  J_Rt_stride0,  J_Rt_stride1, J_Rt_stride2,
                                  J_x,   J_x_stride0,   J_x_stride1,
                                  Rt,    Rt_stride0,    Rt_stride1,
                                  x_in,  x_in_stride0,
                                  false);

        // And now +t. The J_R, J_x gradients are unaffected. J_t is identity
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(x_out,i) += t[i];
        if(J_Rt)
            mrcal_identity_R_full(&P3(J_Rt,0,3,0), J_Rt_stride0, J_Rt_stride2);
    }
    else
    {
        // inverted operation means
        //   y = transpose(R) (x - t)

        double x_minus_t[] = { P1(x_in,0) - P2(Rt,3,0),
                               P1(x_in,1) - P2(Rt,3,1),
                               P1(x_in,2) - P2(Rt,3,2)};

        // Compute. After this:
        //   x_out is done
        //   J_R is done
        //   J_x is done
        mrcal_rotate_point_R_full(x_out, x_out_stride0,
                                  J_Rt,  J_Rt_stride0,  J_Rt_stride1, J_Rt_stride2,
                                  J_x,   J_x_stride0,   J_x_stride1,
                                  Rt,    Rt_stride0,    Rt_stride1,
                                  x_minus_t,  sizeof(double),
                                  true);

        // I want J_t = -transpose(R)
        if(J_Rt)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P3(J_Rt, i, 3, j) = -P2(Rt, j, i);
    }
}

// Invert a rotation matrix. This is a transpose
//
// The input is given in R_in in a (3,3) array
//
// The result is returned in a (3,3) array R_out. In-place operation is
// supported
void mrcal_invert_R_full( // output
                         double* R_out,      // (3,3) array
                         int R_out_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         int R_out_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                         // input
                         const double* R_in, // (3,3) array
                         int R_in_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         int R_in_stride1    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         )
{
    init_stride_2D(R_out, 3,3);
    init_stride_2D(R_in,  3,3);

    // transpose(R). Extra stuff to make in-place operations work
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P2(R_out,i,i) = P2(R_in,i,i);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=i+1; j<3; j++)
        {
            double tmp = P2(R_in,i,j);
            P2(R_out,i,j) = P2(R_in,j,i);
            P2(R_out,j,i) = tmp;
        }
}

// Convert a transformation representation from Rt to rt. This is mostly a
// convenience functions since 99% of the work is done by mrcal_r_from_R().
void mrcal_rt_from_Rt_full(// output
                           double* rt,      // (6,) vector
                           int rt_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* J_R,     // (3,3,3) array. Gradient. May be NULL
                           // No J_t. It's always the identity
                           int J_R_stride0, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int J_R_stride1, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int J_R_stride2, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* Rt,  // (4,3) array
                           int Rt_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int Rt_stride1     // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    mrcal_r_from_R_full(rt,  rt_stride0,
                        J_R, J_R_stride0, J_R_stride1, J_R_stride2,
                        Rt,  Rt_stride0,  Rt_stride1);

    init_stride_1D(rt,  6);
    // init_stride_3D(J_R, 3,3,3);
    init_stride_2D(Rt,  4,3);

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P1(rt, i+3) = P2(Rt,3,i);
}

// Convert a transformation representation from Rt to rt. This is mostly a
// convenience functions since 99% of the work is done by mrcal_R_from_r().
void mrcal_Rt_from_rt_full(// output
                           double* Rt,      // (4,3) array
                           int Rt_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int Rt_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* J_r,     // (3,3,3) array. Gradient. May be NULL
                           // No J_t. It's just the identity
                           int J_r_stride0, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int J_r_stride1, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int J_r_stride2, // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* rt, // (6,) vector
                           int rt_stride0    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    mrcal_R_from_r_full(Rt,  Rt_stride0,  Rt_stride1,
                        J_r, J_r_stride0, J_r_stride1, J_r_stride2,
                        rt,  rt_stride0);

    init_stride_1D(rt,  6);
    // init_stride_3D(J_r, 3,3,3);
    init_stride_2D(Rt,  4,3);

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P2(Rt,3,i) = P1(rt,i+3);
}

// Invert an Rt transformation
//
// b = Ra + t  -> a = R'b - R't
void mrcal_invert_Rt_full( // output
                          double* Rt_out,      // (4,3) array
                          int Rt_out_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          int Rt_out_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                          // input
                          const double* Rt_in, // (4,3) array
                          int Rt_in_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          int Rt_in_stride1    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_2D(Rt_out, 4,3);
    init_stride_2D(Rt_in,  4,3);

    // transpose(R). Extra stuff to make in-place operations work
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P2(Rt_out,i,i) = P2(Rt_in,i,i);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=i+1; j<3; j++)
        {
            double tmp = P2(Rt_in,i,j);
            P2(Rt_out,i,j) = P2(Rt_in,j,i);
            P2(Rt_out,j,i) = tmp;
        }

    // -transpose(R)*t
    mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_scaled_full(&P2(Rt_out,3,0), Rt_out_stride1,
                                     &P2(Rt_in, 3,0), Rt_in_stride1,
                                     Rt_out, Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1,
                                     -1.0);
}

// Invert an rt transformation
//
// b = rotate(a) + t  -> a = invrotate(b) - invrotate(t)
//
// drout_drin is not returned: it is always -I
// drout_dtin is not returned: it is always 0
void mrcal_invert_rt_full( // output
                          double* rt_out,          // (6,) array
                          int rt_out_stride0,      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          double* dtout_drin,      // (3,3) array
                          int dtout_drin_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          int dtout_drin_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          double* dtout_dtin,      // (3,3) array
                          int dtout_dtin_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          int dtout_dtin_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                          // input
                          const double* rt_in,     // (6,) array
                          int rt_in_stride0        // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_1D(rt_out, 6);
    // init_stride_2D(dtout_drin, 3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dtout_dtin, 3,3);
    init_stride_1D(rt_in,  6);

    // r uses an angle-axis representation, so to undo a rotation r, I can apply
    // a rotation -r (same axis, equal and opposite angle)
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P1(rt_out,i) = -P1(rt_in,i);

    mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( &P1(rt_out,3), rt_out_stride0,
                               dtout_drin, dtout_drin_stride0, dtout_drin_stride1,
                               dtout_dtin, dtout_dtin_stride0, dtout_dtin_stride1,

                               // input
                               rt_out, rt_out_stride0,
                               &P1(rt_in,3), rt_in_stride0,
                               false);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P1(rt_out,3+i) *= -1.;

    if(dtout_dtin)
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                P2(dtout_dtin,i,j) *= -1.;
}


// Compose two Rt transformations
//   R0*(R1*x + t1) + t0 =
//   (R0*R1)*x + R0*t1+t0
void mrcal_compose_Rt_full( // output
                           double* Rt_out,      // (4,3) array
                           int Rt_out_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int Rt_out_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* Rt_0,  // (4,3) array
                           int Rt_0_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int Rt_0_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           const double* Rt_1,  // (4,3) array
                           int Rt_1_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int Rt_1_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           bool inverted0,
                           bool inverted1)
{
    init_stride_2D(Rt_out, 4,3);
    init_stride_2D(Rt_0,   4,3);
    init_stride_2D(Rt_1,   4,3);


    /*
      I have 4 cases based on the values of inverted0,inverted1. Nominally we have:

         R0 R1 x + R0 t1 + t0

      -> R01 = R0 R1
         t01 = R0 t1 + t0

      If we invert anything we use the inverted transform for r,t:

         r x + t = y -> x = Rt y - Rt t
      -> r becomes Rt, t becomes -Rt t

      So
      inverted0:
         R01 = R0t R1
         t01 = R0t t1 - R0t t0
             = R0t (t1-t0)

      inverted1:
         R01 = R0 R1t
         t01 = -R0 R1t t1 + t0

      inverted01:
         R01 = R0t R1t
         t01 = -R0t R1t t1 - R0t t0
    */

    if(!inverted0 && !inverted1)
    {
        // R01 = R0 R1
        // t01 = R0 t1 + t0

        // for in-place operation
        const double t0[] = { P2(Rt_0,3,0),
                              P2(Rt_0,3,1),
                              P2(Rt_0,3,2) };

        // t <- R0*t1
        mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_full(&P2(Rt_out,3,0), Rt_out_stride1,
                                  &P2(Rt_1,  3,0), Rt_1_stride1,
                                  Rt_0, Rt_0_stride0, Rt_0_stride1);
        // R <- R0*R1
        mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full( Rt_out, Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1,
                                   Rt_0,   Rt_0_stride0,   Rt_0_stride1,
                                   Rt_1,   Rt_1_stride0,   Rt_1_stride1 );
        // t <- R0*t1+t0
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P2(Rt_out,3,i) += t0[i];
    }
    else if(inverted0 && !inverted1)
    {
        // R01 = R0t R1
        // t01 = R0t t1 - R0t t0
        //     = R0t (t1-t0)
        const double t10[] = { P2(Rt_1,3,0) - P2(Rt_0,3,0),
                               P2(Rt_1,3,1) - P2(Rt_0,3,1),
                               P2(Rt_1,3,2) - P2(Rt_0,3,2) };

        // t <- R0t*(t1-t0)
        mul_vec3_gen33_vout_full(&P2(Rt_out,3,0), Rt_out_stride1,
                                 t10, sizeof(t10[0]),
                                 Rt_0, Rt_0_stride0, Rt_0_stride1);
        // R <- R0t*R1
        mul_gen33t_gen33_vout_full( Rt_out, Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1,
                                    Rt_0,   Rt_0_stride0,   Rt_0_stride1,
                                    Rt_1,   Rt_1_stride0,   Rt_1_stride1 );
    }
    else if(!inverted0 && inverted1)
    {
        // R01 = R0 R1t
        // t01 = -R0 R1t t1 + t0

        // for in-place operation
        const double t0[] = { P2(Rt_0,3,0),
                              P2(Rt_0,3,1),
                              P2(Rt_0,3,2) };

        // R <- R0*R1t
        mul_gen33_gen33t_vout_full( Rt_out, Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1,
                                    Rt_0,   Rt_0_stride0,   Rt_0_stride1,
                                    Rt_1,   Rt_1_stride0,   Rt_1_stride1 );

        // t01 <- R0 R1t t1
        mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_full(&P2(Rt_out,3,0), Rt_out_stride1,
                                  &P2(Rt_1,  3,0), Rt_1_stride1,
                                  &P2(Rt_out,0,0), Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1);

        // t01 <- -R0 R1t t1 + t0
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P2(Rt_out,3,i) = -P2(Rt_out,3,i) + t0[i];
    }
    else
    {
        // R01 = R0t R1t
        // t01 = -R0t R1t t1 - R0t t0
        const double R0t_t0[3];
        mul_vec3_gen33_vout_full(R0t_t0, sizeof(R0t_t0[0]),
                                 &P2(Rt_0,  3,0), Rt_0_stride1,
                                 &P2(Rt_0,0,0), Rt_0_stride0, Rt_0_stride1);

        // R <- R0t*R1t
        mul_gen33t_gen33t_vout_full( Rt_out, Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1,
                                     Rt_0,   Rt_0_stride0,   Rt_0_stride1,
                                     Rt_1,   Rt_1_stride0,   Rt_1_stride1 );

        // t01 <- R0t R1t t1
        mul_vec3_gen33t_vout_full(&P2(Rt_out,3,0), Rt_out_stride1,
                                  &P2(Rt_1,  3,0), Rt_1_stride1,
                                  &P2(Rt_out,0,0), Rt_out_stride0, Rt_out_stride1);

        // t01 <- -R0t R1t t1 - R0t t0
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P2(Rt_out,3,i) = -P2(Rt_out,3,i) - R0t_t0[i];
    }
}

// Compose two rt transformations. It is assumed that we're getting no gradients
// at all or we're getting ALL the gradients: only dr_r0 is checked for NULL
//
// dr_dt0 is not returned: it is always 0
// dr_dt1 is not returned: it is always 0
void mrcal_compose_rt_full( // output
                           double* rt_out,       // (6,) array
                           int rt_out_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dr_r0,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dr_r0_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dr_r0_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dr_r1,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dr_r1_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dr_r1_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dt_r0,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dt_r0_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dt_r0_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dt_r1,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dt_r1_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dt_r1_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dt_t0,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dt_t0_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dt_t0_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           double* dt_t1,        // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dt_t1_stride0,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dt_t1_stride1,    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* rt_0,   // (6,) array
                           int rt_0_stride0,     // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           const double* rt_1,   // (6,) array
                           int rt_1_stride0,      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           bool inverted0,
                           bool inverted1)
{
    init_stride_1D(rt_out, 6);
    init_stride_2D(dr_r0,  3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dr_r1,  3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dt_r0,  3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dt_r1,  3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dt_t0,  3,3);
    init_stride_2D(dt_t1,  3,3);
    init_stride_1D(rt_0,   6);
    init_stride_1D(rt_1,   6);

    /*
      I have 4 cases based on the values of inverted0,inverted1. Nominally we have:

         r0 r1 x + r0 t1 + t0

      -> r01 = r0 r1
         t01 = r0 t1 + t0

      If we invert anything we use the inverted transform for r,t:

         r x + t = y -> x = rt y - rt t
      -> r becomes rt, t becomes -rt t

      So
      inverted0:
         r01 = r0t r1
         t01 = r0t t1 - r0t t0

      inverted1:
         r01 = r0 r1t
         t01 = -r0 r1t t1 + t0

      inverted01:
         r01 = r0t r1t
         t01 = -r0t r1t t1 - r0t t0

      All the r stuff (inversions, gradients) is handled by
      mrcal_compose_r_full(). For the t I have custom logic in this function
    */

    // to make in-place operation work
    double rt0[6];
    double rt1[6];
    for(int i=0; i<6; i++) rt0[i] = P1(rt_0, i);
    for(int i=0; i<6; i++) rt1[i] = P1(rt_1, i);

    // Compute r01
    mrcal_compose_r_full( rt_out, rt_out_stride0,
                          dr_r0, dr_r0_stride0, dr_r0_stride1,
                          dr_r1, dr_r1_stride0, dr_r1_stride1,

                          rt_0, rt_0_stride0,
                          rt_1, rt_1_stride0,
                          inverted0, inverted1);


    if(!inverted0 && !inverted1)
    {
        // t01 <- r0 t1 + t0
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( &P1(rt_out,3), rt_out_stride0,
                                   dt_r0, dt_r0_stride0, dt_r0_stride1,
                                   dt_t1, dt_t1_stride0, dt_t1_stride1,

                                   rt0, -1,
                                   &P1(rt_1,3), rt_1_stride0,

                                   false );

        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(rt_out,3+i) += rt0[3+i];
        // dt01/dt0 = I
        if(dt_t0 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_t0,i,j) = (i==j) ? 1. : 0.;

        // dt01/dr1 = 0
        if(dt_r1 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_r1,i,j) = 0.;
    }
    else if(inverted0 && !inverted1)
    {
        // t01 <- r0t t1 - r0t t0
        //      = r0t (t1-t0)
        double t10[3] = { rt1[0+3] - rt0[0+3],
                          rt1[1+3] - rt0[1+3],
                          rt1[2+3] - rt0[2+3] };
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( &P1(rt_out,3), rt_out_stride0,
                                   dt_r0, dt_r0_stride0, dt_r0_stride1,
                                   dt_t1, dt_t1_stride0, dt_t1_stride1,

                                   rt0, -1,
                                   t10, -1,

                                   true );

        // dt01/dr1 = 0
        if(dt_r1 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_r1,i,j) = 0.;

        // dt01/dt0 = -dt01/dt1
        if(dt_t0 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_t0,i,j) = -P2(dt_t1,i,j);
    }
    else if(!inverted0 && inverted1)
    {
        // t01 <- -r0 r1t t1 + t0

        // let p = -r1t t1
        double p[3];
        double dp_r1[9];
        double dp_t1[9];
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( p, -1,
                                   dp_r1, -1, -1,
                                   dp_t1, -1, -1,

                                   rt1, -1,
                                   &rt1[3], -1,

                                   true );
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            p[i] *= -1;
        for(int i=0; i<9; i++)
        {
            dp_r1[i] *= -1;
            dp_t1[i] *= -1;
        }

        // t01 <- r0 p = -r0 r1t t1
        double dt_p[9];
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( &P1(rt_out,3), rt_out_stride0,
                                   dt_r0, dt_r0_stride0, dt_r0_stride1,
                                   dt_p, -1, -1,

                                   rt0, -1,
                                   p, -1,

                                   false );

        if(dt_r1 != NULL)
            mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(&P2(dt_r1,0,0), dt_r1_stride0, dt_r1_stride1,

                                      // input
                                      dt_p, 3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double),
                                      dp_r1,3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double));
        if(dt_t1 != NULL)
            mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(&P2(dt_t1,0,0), dt_t1_stride0, dt_t1_stride1,

                                      // input
                                      dt_p, 3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double),
                                      dp_t1,3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double));

        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(rt_out,3+i) += rt0[3+i];
        // dt01/dt0 = I
        if(dt_t0 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_t0,i,j) = (i==j) ? 1. : 0.;
    }
    else
    {
        // t01 <- -r0t r1t t1 - r0t t0
        //      = r0t (-r1t t1 - t0)

        // let p = -r1t t1
        double p[3];
        double dp_r1[9];
        double dp_t1[9];
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( p, -1,
                                   dp_r1, -1, -1,
                                   dp_t1, -1, -1,

                                   rt1, -1,
                                   &rt1[3], -1,

                                   true );
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            p[i] *= -1;
        for(int i=0; i<9; i++)
        {
            dp_r1[i] *= -1;
            dp_t1[i] *= -1;
        }

        // p = -r1t t1 - t0
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            p[i] -= rt0[3+i];


        // t01 <- r0 p = -r0 r1t t1
        double dt_p[9];
        mrcal_rotate_point_r_full( &P1(rt_out,3), rt_out_stride0,
                                   dt_r0, dt_r0_stride0, dt_r0_stride1,
                                   dt_p, -1, -1,

                                   rt0, -1,
                                   p, -1,

                                   true );

        if(dt_r1 != NULL)
            mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(&P2(dt_r1,0,0), dt_r1_stride0, dt_r1_stride1,

                                      // input
                                      dt_p, 3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double),
                                      dp_r1,3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double));
        if(dt_t1 != NULL)
            mul_gen33_gen33_vout_full(&P2(dt_t1,0,0), dt_t1_stride0, dt_t1_stride1,

                                      // input
                                      dt_p, 3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double),
                                      dp_t1,3*sizeof(double), sizeof(double));

        // dt01/dt0 = -dt/dp
        if(dt_t0 != NULL)
            for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
                for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                    P2(dt_t0,i,j) = -dt_p[3*i+j];
    }
}

void mrcal_compose_r_tinyr0_gradientr0_full( // output
                           double* dr_dr0,      // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dr_dr0_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dr_dr0_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* r_1,   // (3,) array
                           int r_1_stride0      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_2D(dr_dr0, 3, 3);
    init_stride_1D(r_1, 3);

    // All the comments and logic appear in compose_r_core() in
    // poseutils-uses-autodiff.cc. This is a special-case function with
    // manually-computed gradients (because I want to make sure they're fast)
    double norm2_r1 = 0.0;
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        norm2_r1 += P1(r_1,i)*P1(r_1,i);

    if(norm2_r1 < 2e-8*2e-8)
    {
        // Both vectors are tiny, so I have r01 = r0 + r1, and the gradient is
        // an identity matrix
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                P2(dr_dr0,i,j) = i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0;
        return;
    }

    // I'm computing
    //   R(angle=gamma, axis=n) =
    //   compose( R(angle=alpha, axis=l), R(angle=beta, axis=m) )
    // where
    //   A = alpha/2
    //   B = beta /2

    // I have
    // r01 = r1
    //     - inner(r0,r1) (B/tanB - 1) / 4B^2 r1
    //     + B/tanB r0
    //     + cross(r0,r1) / 2
    //
    // I differentiate:
    //
    //   dr01/dr0 =
    //     - outer(r1,r1) (B/tanB - 1) / 4B^2
    //     + B/tanB I
    //     - skew_symmetric(r1) / 2
    double B    = sqrt(norm2_r1) / 2.;
    double B_over_tanB = B / tan(B);

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            P2(dr_dr0,i,j) =
                - P1(r_1,i)*P1(r_1,j) * (B_over_tanB - 1.) / (4.*B*B);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P2(dr_dr0,i,i) +=
            B_over_tanB;

    P2(dr_dr0,0,1) -= -P1(r_1,2)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr0,0,2) -=  P1(r_1,1)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr0,1,0) -=  P1(r_1,2)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr0,1,2) -= -P1(r_1,0)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr0,2,0) -= -P1(r_1,1)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr0,2,1) -=  P1(r_1,0)/2.;
}

void mrcal_compose_r_tinyr1_gradientr1_full( // output
                           double* dr_dr1,      // (3,3) array; may be NULL
                           int dr_dr1_stride0,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           int dr_dr1_stride1,  // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                           // input
                           const double* r_0,   // (3,) array
                           int r_0_stride0      // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                           )
{
    init_stride_2D(dr_dr1, 3, 3);
    init_stride_1D(r_0, 3);

    // All the comments and logic appear in compose_r_core() in
    // poseutils-uses-autodiff.cc. This is a special-case function with
    // manually-computed gradients (because I want to make sure they're fast)
    double norm2_r0 = 0.0;
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        norm2_r0 += P1(r_0,i)*P1(r_0,i);

    if(norm2_r0 < 2e-8*2e-8)
    {
        // Both vectors are tiny, so I have r01 = r0 + r1, and the gradient is
        // an identity matrix
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                P2(dr_dr1,i,j) = i==j ? 1.0 : 0.0;
        return;
    }

    // I'm computing
    //   R(angle=gamma, axis=n) =
    //   compose( R(angle=alpha, axis=l), R(angle=beta, axis=m) )
    // where
    //   A = alpha/2
    //   B = beta /2

    // I have
    // r01 = r0
    //     - inner(r0,r1) (A/tanA - 1) / 4A^2 r0
    //     + A/tanA r1
    //     + cross(r0,r1) / 2
    //
    // I differentiate:
    //
    //   dr01/dr1 =
    //     - outer(r0,r0) (A/tanA - 1) / 4A^2
    //     + A/tanA I
    //     + skew_symmetric(r0) / 2
    double A    = sqrt(norm2_r0) / 2.;
    double A_over_tanA = A / tan(A);

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            P2(dr_dr1,i,j) =
                - P1(r_0,i)*P1(r_0,j) * (A_over_tanA - 1.) / (4.*A*A);
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        P2(dr_dr1,i,i) +=
            A_over_tanA;

    P2(dr_dr1,0,1) += -P1(r_0,2)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr1,0,2) +=  P1(r_0,1)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr1,1,0) +=  P1(r_0,2)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr1,1,2) += -P1(r_0,0)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr1,2,0) += -P1(r_0,1)/2.;
    P2(dr_dr1,2,1) +=  P1(r_0,0)/2.;
}


void mrcal_r_from_R_full( // output
                         double* r,       // (3,) vector
                         int r_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         double* J,       // (3,3,3) array. Gradient. May be NULL
                         int J_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         int J_stride1,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         int J_stride2,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"

                         // input
                         const double* R, // (3,3) array
                         int R_stride0,   // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                         int R_stride1    // in bytes. <= 0 means "contiguous"
                          )
{
    init_stride_1D(r, 3);
    init_stride_3D(J, 3,3,3);
    init_stride_2D(R, 3,3);


    // Looking at https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Rodrigues%27_rotation_formula the
    // Rodrigues rotation formula for th rad rotation around unit axis v is
    //
    //   R = I + sin(th) V + (1 - cos(th)) V^2
    //
    // where V = skew_symmetric(v):
    //
    //          [  0 -v2  v1]
    //   V(v) = [ v2   0 -v0]
    //          [-v1  v0   0]
    //
    // and
    //
    //   v(V) = [-V12, V02, -V01]
    //
    // I, V^2 are symmetric; V is anti-symmetric. So R - Rt = 2 sin(th) V
    //
    // Let's define
    //
    //       [  R21 - R12 ]
    //   u = [ -R20 + R02 ] = v(R) - v(Rt)
    //       [  R10 - R01 ]
    //
    // From the above equations we see that u = 2 sin(th) v. So I compute the
    // axis v = u/mag(u). I want th in [0,pi] so I can't compute th from u since
    // there's an ambiguity: sin(th) = sin(pi-th). So instead, I compute th from
    // trace(R) = 1 + 2*cos(th)
    //
    // There's an extra wrinkle here. Computing the axis from mag(u) only works
    // if sin(th) != 0. So there are two special cases that must be handled: th
    // ~ 0 and th ~ 180. If th ~ 0, then the axis doesn't matter and r ~ 0. If
    // th ~ 180 then the axis DOES matter, and we need special logic.
    const double tr = P2(R,0,0) + P2(R,1,1) + P2(R,2,2);
    const double u[3] =
        {
            P2(R,2,1) - P2(R,1,2),
            P2(R,0,2) - P2(R,2,0),
            P2(R,1,0) - P2(R,0,1)
        };

    const double costh = (tr - 1.) / 2.;

    // In radians. If my angle is this close to 0, I use the special-case paths
    const double eps = 1e-8;

    // near 0 we have norm2u ~ 4 th^2
    const double norm2u =
        u[0]*u[0] +
        u[1]*u[1] +
        u[2]*u[2];
    if(// both conditions to handle roundoff error
       norm2u > 4. * eps*eps &&
       1. - fabs(costh) > eps*eps/2. )
    {
        // normal path
        const double th = acos(costh);
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(r,i) = u[i]/sqrt(norm2u) * th;
    }
    else if(costh > 0)
    {
        // small th. Can't divide by it. But I can look at the limit.
        //
        // u / (2 sinth)*th = u/2 *th/sinth ~ u/2
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(r,i) = u[i] / 2.;
    }
    else
    {
        // cos(th) < 0. So th ~ +-180 = +-180 + dth where dth ~ 0. And I have
        //
        //   R = I + sin(th)  V + (1 - cos(th) ) V^2
        //     = I + sin(+-180 + dth) V + (1 - cos(+-180 + dth)) V^2
        //     = I - sin(dth) V + (1 + cos(dth)) V^2
        //     ~ I - dth V + 2 V^2
        //
        // Once again, I, V^2 are symmetric; V is anti-symmetric. So
        //
        //   R - Rt = 2 sin(th) V
        //          = -2 sin(dth) V
        //          = -2 dth V
        // I want
        //
        //   r = th v
        //     = dth v +- 180deg v
        //
        //   r = v((R - Rt) / -2.) +- 180deg v
        //     = u/-2 +- 180deg v
        //
        // Now we need v; let's look at the symmetric parts:
        //
        //   R + Rt = 2 I + 4 V^2
        //-> V^2 = (R + Rt)/4 - I/2
        //
        //          [  0 -v2  v1]
        //   V(v) = [ v2   0 -v0]
        //          [-v1  v0   0]
        //
        //            [ -(v1^2+v2^2)       v0 v1         v0 v2     ]
        //   V^2(v) = [      v0 v1      -(v0^2+v2^2)     v1 v2     ]
        //            [      v0 v2         v1 v2      -(v0^2+v1^2) ]
        //
        // I want v be a unit vector. Can I assume that? From above:
        //
        //   tr(V^2) = -2 norm2(v)
        //
        // So I want to assume that tr(V^2) = -2. The earlier expression had
        //
        //   R + Rt = 2 I + 4 V^2
        //
        // -> tr(R + Rt) = tr(2 I + 4 V^2)
        // -> tr(V^2) = (tr(R + Rt) - 6)/4
        //            = (2 tr(R) - 6)/4
        //            = (1 + 2*cos(th) - 3)/2
        //            = -1 + cos(th)
        //
        // Near th ~ 180deg, this is -2 as required. So we can assume that
        // mag(v)=1:
        //
        //            [ v0^2 - 1    v0 v1       v0 v2    ]
        //   V^2(v) = [ v0 v1       v1^2 - 1    v1 v2    ]
        //            [ v0 v2       v1 v2       v2^2 - 1 ]
        //
        // So
        //
        //   v^2 = 1 + diag(V^2)
        //       = 1 + 2 diag(R)/4 - I/2
        //       = 1 + diag(R)/2 - 1/2
        //       = (1 + diag(R))/2
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(r,i) = u[i] / -2.;

        // Now r += pi v
        const double vsq[3] =
            {
                (P2(R,0,0) + 1.) /2.,
                (P2(R,1,1) + 1.) /2.,
                (P2(R,2,2) + 1.) /2.
            };
        // This is abs(v) initially
        double v[3] = {};
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            if(vsq[i] > 0.0)
                v[i] = sqrt(vsq[i]);
            else
            {
                // round-off sets this at 0; it's already there. Leave it
            }

        // Now I need to get the sign of each individual value. Overall, the
        // sign of the vector v doesn't matter. I set the sign of a notably
        // non-zero abs(v[i]) to >0, and go from there.

        // threshold can be anything notably > 0. I'd like to encourage the same
        // branch to always be taken, so I set the thresholds relatively low
        if(     v[0] > 0.1)
        {
            // I leave v[0]>0.
            //   V^2[0,1] must have the same sign as v1
            //   V^2[0,2] must have the same sign as v2
            if( (P2(R,0,1) + P2(R,1,0)) < 0 ) v[1] *= -1.;
            if( (P2(R,0,2) + P2(R,2,0)) < 0 ) v[2] *= -1.;
        }
        else if(v[1] > 0.1)
        {
            // I leave v[1]>0.
            //   V^2[1,0] must have the same sign as v0
            //   V^2[1,2] must have the same sign as v2
            if( (P2(R,1,0) + P2(R,0,1)) < 0 ) v[0] *= -1.;
            if( (P2(R,1,2) + P2(R,2,1)) < 0 ) v[2] *= -1.;
        }
        else
        {
            // I leave v[2]>0.
            //   V^2[2,0] must have the same sign as v0
            //   V^2[2,1] must have the same sign as v1
            if( (P2(R,2,0) + P2(R,0,2)) < 0 ) v[0] *= -1.;
            if( (P2(R,2,1) + P2(R,1,2)) < 0 ) v[1] *= -1.;
        }

        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            P1(r,i) += v[i] * M_PI;
    }


    if(J != NULL)
    {
        // Not all (3,3) matrices R are valid rotations, and I make sure to evaluate
        // the gradient in the subspace defined by the opposite operation: R_from_r
        //
        // I'm assuming a flattened R.shape = (9,) everywhere here
        //
        // - I compute r = r_from_R(R)
        //
        // - R',dR/dr = R_from_r(r, get_gradients = True)
        //   R' should match R. This method assumes that.
        //
        // - We have
        //     dR = dR/dr dr
        //     dr = dr/dR dR
        //   so
        //     dr/dR dR/dr = I
        //
        // - dR/dr has shape (9,3). In response to perturbations in r, R moves in a
        //   rank-3 subspace: this is the local subspace of valid rotation
        //   matrices. The dr/dR we seek should be limited to that subspace as
        //   well. So dr/dR = M (dR/dr)' for some 3x3 matrix M
        //
        // - Combining those two I get
        //     dr/dR       = M (dR/dr)'
        //     dr/dR dR/dr = M (dR/dr)' dR/dr
        //     I           = M (dR/dr)' dR/dr
        //   ->
        //     M = inv( (dR/dr)' dR/dr )
        //   ->
        //     dr/dR = M (dR/dr)'
        //           = inv( (dR/dr)' dR/dr ) (dR/dr)'
        //           = pinv(dR/dr)

        // share memory
        union
        {
            // Unused. The tests make sure this is the same as R
            double R_roundtrip[3*3];
            double det_inv_dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr[6];
        } m;

        double dRflat_dr[9*3]; // inverse gradient

        mrcal_R_from_r_full( // outputs
                             m.R_roundtrip,0,0,
                             dRflat_dr,  0,0,0,

                             // input
                             r,r_stride0 );

        ////// transpose(dRflat_dr) * dRflat_dr
        // 3x3 symmetric matrix; packed,dense storage; row-first
        double dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr[6] = {};
        int i_result = 0;
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=i;j<3;j++)
            {
                for(int k=0; k<9; k++)
                    dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr[i_result] +=
                        dRflat_dr[k*3 + i]*
                        dRflat_dr[k*3 + j];
                i_result++;
            }

        ////// inv( transpose(dRflat_dr) * dRflat_dr )
        // 3x3 symmetric matrix; packed,dense storage; row-first
        double inv_det = 1./cofactors_sym3(dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr, m.det_inv_dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr);

        ////// inv( transpose(dRflat_dr) * dRflat_dr ) transpose(dRflat_dr)
        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            {
                // computing dr/dR[i,j]
                double dr[3] = {};
                mul_vec3_sym33_vout_scaled( &dRflat_dr[3*(j + 3*i)], m.det_inv_dRflat_drT__dRflat_dr,
                                            dr,
                                            inv_det);
                for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                    P3(J, k,i,j) = dr[k];
            }
    }
}

// LAPACK SVD function
int dgesdd_(char* jobz,
            int* m,
            int* n,
            double*  a,
            int* lda,
            double* s,
            double* u,
            int* ldu,
            double* vt,
            int* ldvt,
            double* work,
            int* lwork,
            int* iwork,
            int* info,
            int jobz_len);

// This is functionally identical to mrcal.align_procrustes_vectors_R01(). It
// should replace that function to provide a C implementation for mrcal users
//
// This solves:
//   https://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Orthogonal_Procrustes_problem
// See the mrcal sources for implementation details
static
bool _align_procrustes_vectors_R01(// out
                                   double* R01,
                                   // in
                                   const int N,
                                   // (N,3) arrays
                                   const double* p0,
                                   const double* p1,
                                   // (3,) array; may be NULL
                                   const double* pmean0,
                                   const double* pmean1,

                                   // (N,) array; may be NULL to use an even
                                   // weighting
                                   const double* weights)
{
    double M[9] = {};

    double _pmean0[3] = {};
    double _pmean1[3] = {};
    if(pmean0 == NULL) pmean0 = _pmean0;
    if(pmean1 == NULL) pmean1 = _pmean1;

    if(weights == NULL)
        for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
            // I compute outer(v0,v1)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                    M[j*3 + k] += (p0[i*3+j]-pmean0[j])*(p1[i*3+k]-pmean1[k]);
    else
        for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
            // I compute outer(v0,v1)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
                for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                    M[j*3 + k] += (p0[i*3+j]-pmean0[j])*(p1[i*3+k]-pmean1[k])*weights[i];


    double U[9];
    double Vt[9];
    double S[3];
    double lwork_query;
    int iwork[3*8];
    int info;

    // lapack thinks about transposed matrices. So when I give it A, it sees At.
    // It computes A = U Vt -> At = V Ut. And the results it gives back to me
    // are transposed too. So I give it At. The "U" it gives me back is actually
    // Vt and the Vt is actually U
    dgesdd_("A",
            (int[]){3}, (int[]){3},
            M, (int[]){3},
            S,
            Vt,(int[]){3},
            U, (int[]){3},
            &lwork_query,
            (int[]){-1}, // query the optimal lwork
            iwork,
            &info,
            1);
    if(info != 0)
    {
        // secret value to indicate that this is a fatal error. Needed for the
        // Python layer
        R01[0] = 1.;
        return false;
    }

    double work[(int)lwork_query];

    dgesdd_("A",
            (int[]){3}, (int[]){3},
            M, (int[]){3},
            S,
            Vt,(int[]){3},
            U, (int[]){3},
            work,
            (int[]){(int)lwork_query},
            iwork,
            &info,
            1);
    if(info != 0)
    {
        // secret value to indicate that this is a fatal error. Needed for the
        // Python layer
        R01[0] = 1.;
        return false;
    }

    // I look at the second-lowest singular value. One 0 singular value is OK
    // (the other two can uniquely define my 3D basis). But two isn't OK: the
    // basis is no longer unique
    if(S[1] < 1e-12)
    {
        // Poorly-defined problem
        //
        // secret value to indicate that this is a potentially non-fatal error.
        // Needed for the Python layer
        R01[0] = 0.;
        return false;
    }

    memset(R01, 0, 9*sizeof(R01[0]));
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            for(int k=0; k<3; k++)
                // inner( U[i,:], V[j,:]
                R01[i*3 + j] += U[i*3 + k]*Vt[j + k*3];

    // det(R01) is now +1 or -1. If it's -1, then this contains a mirror, and thus
    // is not a physical rotation. I compensate by negating the least-important
    // pair of singular vectors
    const double det_R =
        R01[0]*(R01[4]*R01[8]-R01[5]*R01[7]) -
        R01[1]*(R01[3]*R01[8]-R01[5]*R01[6]) +
        R01[2]*(R01[3]*R01[7]-R01[4]*R01[6]);
    if(det_R < 0)
    {
        memset(R01, 0, 9*sizeof(R01[0]));

        for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
            for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            {
                int k;
                for(k=0; k<2; k++)
                    R01[i*3 + j] += U[i*3 + k]*Vt[j + k*3];
                R01[i*3 + j] -= U[i*3 + k]*Vt[j + k*3];
            }
    }

    return true;
}

bool mrcal_align_procrustes_vectors_R01(// out
                                        double* R01,
                                        // in
                                        const int N,
                                        // (N,3) arrays
                                        const double* v0,
                                        const double* v1,

                                        // (N,) array; may be NULL to use an even
                                        // weighting
                                        const double* weights)
{
    return _align_procrustes_vectors_R01(R01,N,v0,v1,NULL,NULL,weights);
}

bool mrcal_align_procrustes_points_Rt01(// out
                                        double* Rt01,
                                        // in
                                        const int N,
                                        // (N,3) arrays
                                        const double* p0,
                                        const double* p1,

                                        // (N,) array; may be NULL to use an even
                                        // weighting
                                        const double* weights)
{
    double pmean0[3] = {};
    double pmean1[3] = {};

    for(int i=0; i<N; i++)
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
        {
            pmean0[j] += p0[i*3+j];
            pmean1[j] += p1[i*3+j];
        }
    for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
    {
        pmean0[j] /= (double)N;
        pmean1[j] /= (double)N;
    }
    if(!_align_procrustes_vectors_R01(Rt01,N,p0,p1,pmean0,pmean1,weights))
        return false;

    // t = pmean0 - R01 pmean1
    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
    {
        Rt01[9 + i] = pmean0[i];
        for(int j=0; j<3; j++)
            Rt01[9 + i] -= Rt01[i*3 + j] * pmean1[j];
    }
    return true;
}

// Compute a non-unique rotation to map a given vector to [0,0,1]
// See docstring for mrcal.R_aligned_to_vector() for details
void mrcal_R_aligned_to_vector(// out
                               double* R,
                               // in
                               const double* v)
{
    double magv = sqrt(v[0]*v[0] +
                       v[1]*v[1] +
                       v[2]*v[2]);

    double* x = &R[0*3];
    double* y = &R[1*3];
    double* z = &R[2*3];

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
    {
        x[i] = 0.0;
        z[i] = v[i]/magv;
    }

    double inner_x_z = 0.;
    if(fabs(z[0]) < .9)
    {
        x[0] = 1.;
        inner_x_z = z[0];
    }
    else
    {
        x[1] = 1.;
        inner_x_z = z[1];
    }

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        x[i] -= inner_x_z*z[i];

    double magx = sqrt(x[0]*x[0] +
                       x[1]*x[1] +
                       x[2]*x[2]);

    for(int i=0; i<3; i++)
        x[i] /= magx;

    // y = cross(z,x);
    y[0] = z[1]*x[2] - z[2]*x[1];
    y[1] = z[2]*x[0] - z[0]*x[2];
    y[2] = z[0]*x[1] - z[1]*x[0];
}