diff --git a/README.md b/README.md index a53434a..8264305 100644 --- a/README.md +++ b/README.md @@ -1,1837 +1,1889 @@ -# Analyzing Logs of Large-Scale Software Systems using Time Curves Visualization - -This repository contains the supplementary data mentioned in the paper "Analyzing Logs -of Large-Scale Software Systems using Time Curves Visualization". In addition, GIF animations -of the static *Time Curves* in the paper are provided and can be played in your browser. - -## Table of contents - -1. [Animated Time Curves](#animated-time-curves) - - [Spark Structured Streaming](#spark-structured-streaming) - - [Apache Flink](#apache-flink) - - [Kafka Streams](#kafka-streams) - - [Zookeeper dataset](#zookeeper-dataset) - - [Multiple curve analysis](#multiple-curve-analysis) -2. [Logs source in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks](#logs-source-in-each-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks) -3. [Example logs found in each stage of the Stream Processing Frameworks](#example-logs-found-in-each-stage-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks) -4. [Grouping events in the Stream Processing Frameworks experiment](#grouping-events-in-the-stream-processing-frameworks-experiment) -5. [Correlation of the Stream Processing Frameworks with throughput](#correlation-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks-with-throughput) -6. [Hardware setup](#hardware-setup) -7. [Counterexample that the proposed distance is not a metric](#counterexample-that-the-proposed-distance-is-not-a-metric) -8. [Optimizations to the distance computation](#optimizations-to-the-distance-computation) -9. [Representing time within Time Curves](#representing-time-within-time-curves) -10. [Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log file](#manual-analysis-of-the-zookeeper-log-file) -11. [Large Language Model summarization](#large-language-model-summarization) - - [Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label C](#query-about-single-checkpoint-summarization-in-label-c) - - [Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label D](#query-about-single-checkpoint-summarization-in-label-d) - - [Query about pairwise comparison between checkpoints in Label D](#query-about-pairwise-comparison-between-checkpoints-in-label-d) - - [Query about pairwise comparison between Label C and E](#query-about-pairwise-comparison-between-label-c-and-e) -12. [Log datasets](#log-datasets) -13. [Citing](#citing) -14. [References](#references) - -## Animated Time Curves - -In this section, the animated versions of each of the presented Time -Curve analysis are shown. Each curve begins fully drawn. Afterwards, it -is played from start to end. - -### Spark Structured Streaming -drawing - -### Apache Flink -drawing - -### Kafka Streams -drawing - -### Zookeeper dataset -drawing - -### Multiple curve analysis -drawing - -## Logs source in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks - -The following sources were used for collection of logs in the Stream -Processing frameworks, namely (1) the Spark driver for Spark Structured -Streaming, (2) the consumer group worker that corresponds to the -partition leader in Kafka Streams and (3) the job manager in Apache -Flink. - -## Example logs found in each stage of the Stream Processing Frameworks - -The following table contains example logs that were found in each of the -identified stages of interest in the stream processing framework -analysis in Section IV-A. This includes startup, failure, recovery and -shutdown. - -Note that for Kafka Streams there are no indistinguishable logs for the -fault recovery besides what can be considered normal processing logging -statements. -``` -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Stage | Spark Str. | Apache Flink | Kafka Streams | -| | Streaming | | | -+=================+=================+=================+=================+ -| Startup | INFO | INFO ... | INFO | -| | SparkContext OS | RESOURCE PARAMS | AppInfoParser | -| | info Linux 5 | ... logs jvm | Kafka version: | -| | ... x86 64 | params | 3.5.0 | -| | amd64 | Xmx1530082096 | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Failure | ERROR ... Lost | INFO ... | INFO ... | -| | executor <*> | <*> switched | Revoked | -| | Not receiving | from RUNNING to | partitions | -| | heartbeat ... | FAILED on flink | | -| | | ... | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Fault recovery | INFO ... | INFO ... | INFO Processed | -| | Registered | Deploying | <*> total | -| | | Source ... to | records | -| | executor with | flink-taskmanag | | -| | ID <*> | er | | -| | | ... | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Shutdown | WARN ... | INFO ... | INFO Processed | -| | Disconnected | Shutting down | <*> total | -| | from Spark | remote daemon | records | -| | cluster! ... | | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -``` -Table 1. Example of log records found in the stages corresponding to -startup, failure injection, fault recovery and shutdown in the three -different Stream Processing frameworks. Note that some messages have -been reduced in size for clarity. - -## Grouping events in the Stream Processing Frameworks experiment - -This section includes additional details about the grouping of events -given the set of parameters shown in Table 1. Parameters marked with `*` -imply that they are *not* default. -``` -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| | Spark Str. | Apache Flink | Kafka Streams | -| | Stream. | | | -+=================+=================+=================+=================+ -| Clustering | Drain, tree | Drain, tree | Drain, tree | -| Algorithm | depth=8 | depth=8 | depth=8 | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Clustering | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | -| similarity | | | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Number of | Desired = 25, | Desired = 25, | Desired = 15*, | -| checkpoints | resulted in 20 | resulted in 62 | resulted in 15 | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Top k-gaps to | 10 | 10 | 10 | -| use | | | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Relative window | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | -| size | | | | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Conv. Window | exp | exp | exp | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Window thresh. | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -| Min-max ratio | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.001* | -+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ -``` -Table 2. Parameters used for the automatic grouping of events in the -Stream Processing experiment. - -The following plots explain the grouping decisions for each framework. - -![](./media/image6.png) - -Figure 1. Grouping details in Spark Structured Streaming. - -In Spark Structured Streaming, the events align quite well with the -injected failures. Notice that in some ocassions the split takes place -because of either a severity change (which perfectly aligns with the -injected failure) or as a result of a large time gap. Notice too that -if the number of top k-gaps was reduced, the severity change would still -group the events around the failures, however, currently the time gap -event trigger occurs shortly before the severity level change, therefore -instead of splitting into two different events, they are grouped into a -single one. All event grouping parameters are left default for Spark. - -![](./media/image7.png) - -Figure 2. Grouping details in Apache Flink. - -In the case of Flink, we have many more events after every error because -of the changes in severity level. This is not a problem because those -checkpoints are almost identical and get put into halo clusters in the -corresponding Time Curves. After the repetitive succession of errors, the next -event is generated by the largest time gap, showing that the system is -processing normally. All event grouping parameters are left default for Flink. - -![](./media/image8.png) - -Figure 3. Grouping details in Kafka Streams. - -The case of Kafka Streams is more complicated. As can be seen, up until the -log number ~3,250, the reported severity level errors are not as a result of -the injected failures. In fact, the failures are reported as standard `INFO` -messages. This means that all the information corresponding to the failures is -condensed exclusively into the last ~1,000 logs and therefore all the grouping -occurs because of time gaps (between the 12 minute marks) rather than because of -error messages or number of logs. This is the reason why the default grouping -had to be changed from default, since no proper logging was available. As -stated in the paper, this is partially due to the framework and the selection -of the logging source (worker 0). - -## Correlation of the Stream Processing Frameworks with throughput - -This section shows how the throughput (in terms of messages processed -per second) reported from the Stream Processing Frameworks correlates -with the reported events of failure and recovery as reported in the main -manuscript. - -![A graph of a graph Description automatically generated with medium -confidence](./media/image9.png) - -Figure 4. Throughput measured as the number of processed records per -second in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks. - -As can be seen in Figure 4, all frameworks exhibit a temporary decrease -in throughput when the failures are injected (represented as vertical -bars after every 12 minute mark). This aligns especially with the -severity level changes and the time gaps observed in Spark Structured -Streaming and Apache Flink. In the case of Kafka Streams, only the time -gaps result in event splits due to the framework not reporting any -severity change. These can be seen at the end of Figure 3, after the -initial \~3,250 log records. - -## Hardware setup - -The scalability section of the manuscript was run on a local machine -with an Intel Core i9-11950H with disabled turbo boost running at 2.60 -GHz and 64 GB of memory. They were run on WSL with Ubuntu version 22, -Java 17 and Python 3.8. - -## Counterexample that the proposed distance is not a metric - -The following example proves that the checkpoint distance is not a -metric (rather a semimetric) due to violating the triangle inequality. - -Let $x := {x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4, x_5, x_6, x_7} := A$, $y := {x_0, x_1}$, $z := {x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3}$, and the curve of 3 points $P := {x,y,z}$. - -Then $|A| = |x| = 8$ (8 unique templates, all are in $x$), $|y| = 2$, $|z| = 4$ and $|P| = 3$ (in total 3 points). - -Assume we have written down 24 different characters, and split them into templates $x_i$'s as follows: -Put (concatenate in any order) first 9 characters into $x_2$, next 9 into $x_3$, each of the rest 6 characters into a separate template to get $|x_0|=|x_1|=|x_4|=|x_5|=|x_6|=|x_7|=1$. Now add the $x_1$ character to $x_2$ and $x_3$, so that $|x_2| = |x_3| = 10$, then: -$d(x_2, x_1) = d(x_1, x_2) = d(x_1, x_3) = d(x_3, x_1) = \frac{1}{10}$ -and all other $d(x_i, x_j) = 1$. Moreover $x, y, z$ are nested: - -$y \subset z \subset x \implies D’(y,z) = D’(y,x) = D’(z,x) = 0.$ - -$D’(x,y) = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=0}^{7} \min_{j = 0,1} d(x_i, y_j)$ - -$= \frac{1}{8} (0 + 0 + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{10} + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = \frac{21}{40},$ - -$D’(x,z) = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=0}^{7} \min_{j = 0,1,2,3} d(x_i, z_j)$ - -$= \frac{1}{8} (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = \frac{1}{2},$ - -$D’(z,y) = \frac{1}{4} \sum_{i=0}^{3} \min_{j = 0,1} d(z_i, y_j)$ - -$= \frac{1}{4} (0 + 0 + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{10}) = \frac{1}{20}.$ - -$D(x,y) = \frac{\frac{21}{40}\log_2 8 + 0\log_2 2}{\log_2 (8 \cdot 2)} = \frac{63}{160} = 0.39375,$ - -$D(x,z) = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\log_2 8 + 0\log_2 4}{\log_2 (8 \cdot 4)} = \frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3}{5} = 0.3,$ - -$D(z,y) = \frac{\frac{1}{20}\log_2 4 + 0\log_2 2}{\log_2 (4 \cdot 2)} = \frac{\frac{1}{20} \cdot 2}{3} = \frac{1}{30}.$ - -We finally arrived at the violation of triangular inequality: -$0.39375 = D(x,y) > D(x,z) + D(z,y) = \frac{3}{10} + \frac{1}{30} = \frac{1}{3}.$ - -This concludes that $D(\cdot,\cdot)$ is not a metric, since it violates triangular inequality, but it is a semi-metric by definition. - -## Optimizations to the distance computation - -The proposed semimetric requires significant computation. It is -comprised of multiple quadratic terms, including (1) the Levenshtein -distance itself, which is quadratic in the length of the strings, (2) -the comparison between two checkpoints is also quadratic, since it -requires to compare all templates in one checkpoint to all templates in -the other and finally (3) the comparison of all checkpoints, where a -distance matrix between checkpoints is required for the projection, thus -also resulting in a quadratic term. It can be seen that naively -computing the distance aggregation can become unfeasible quickly. -Therefore, a series of computational optimizations are used to lower the -complexity of the approach. - -Let us first define the output of the aggregation of all distances, -which is a symmetric matrix of pairwise distances between any two -checkpoints noted as $D_{M} \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$ - -and defined entry-wise as follows: - -$$\forall i,j \in \{ 0,1,\ldots, \mid P \mid - 1\} D_{M}\lbrack i\rbrack\lbrack j\rbrack = D(P_{i},P_{j}).$$ - -Given $D( \cdot , \cdot)$ is a normalized semimetric, we have that -$D_{M} \in \lbrack 0,1\rbrack^{N \times N}$, is symmetric and its -diagonal entries are all zeros, which implies that only strictly upper -(or lower) triangular part of matrix needs to be calculated. - -The first measure is to pre-compute all pairwise distances between -unique templates. This translates into avoiding recomputation overhead -since there is a significant overlap of templates between checkpoints, -thus resulting in the complexity being nearly independent from the -number of checkpoints. To store distances between individual log -templates, let us define a matrix and denote it -$d_{M} \in (\lbrack 0,1\rbrack)^{\mid A \mid \times \mid A \mid}$, where -$\forall i,j\, \in \{ 0,1,\ldots,\mid A\mid - 1 \}\, d_{M}\lbrack i \rbrack\lbrack j \rbrack = d( A_{i},A_{j})$. - -Clearly only strictly upper (or lower) triangular part of matrix needs -to be computed explicitly since -$d_{M}\lbrack i\rbrack\lbrack j\rbrack = d(A_{i},A_{j}) = d(A_{j},A_{i}) = d_{M}\lbrack j\rbrack\lbrack i\rbrack.$ - -The second measure concerns the observation that many pairs of templates -appear only on specific checkpoints. This is a natural consequence of -the logging systems. Consider the example where an error appears only in -a single checkpoint. Then it is likely that the error will produce a -chain of log records related to it. When clustered, this will result in -multiple templates being present only in this checkpoint, and therefore -they cannot be compared together since checkpoints are compared only -against other checkpoints and not themselves. For this purpose, the -entries of $d_{M}$ are computed on demand, thus avoiding unnecessary -comparisons as well. - -A third measure concerns the Levenshtein distance directly. It is -possible to compute a lower bound for the Levenshtein distance based -simply on length difference of the templates. If two templates -significantly differ in length such estimate allows pruning further -computation of $d(x_{i},y_{j})$ in case the lower bound is larger than -the current minimum distance among pairs of templates with the current -one, i.e., for fixed $x_{i}$ $d(x_{i},y_{j}) > \min d(x_{i},y_{j})$ -means that $d(x_{i},y_{j})$ will not change $D(x,y)$ due to min term in -Eq. 1 and therefore can be skipped. - -In addition, in cases where there is a significant overlap between -templates in checkpoints, it may be possible to replace most of the -string comparisons by simple integer look-ups. This is achieved by -extending each template with a unique identifier, in a similar fashion -to hashing. However, hashing is not required since all templates are -guaranteed to be unique due to the clustering approach. And only a fast -identifier look-up is needed to check whether a given template is -present in a checkpoint. - -Note that in total all these optimizations significantly lower the -complexity of the average case without introducing any errors to -$D_{M}$. Nevertheless, the worst-case scenario remains possible and for -such cases the runtime can be further reduced by applying heuristic -techniques which do in fact affect the result of $D_{M}$. Among others, -this includes e.g., fine-tuning the clustering parameters to result in -less templates, and in extreme cases, replacing the Levenshtein distance -altogether by a faster approximation such as the Q-gram distance. - -## Representing time within Time Curves - -Representing time is necessary for understanding the sequence of events -in a collection of logs. For visualizing the time dimension of the -system evolution we follow another Gestalt Perception Principles -\[1\] smooth curvature instead of straight lines to satisfy the -Low of Continuity, which also helps to avoid confusions when the graph -crosses itself (which is typical of recurrent processes), and color-time -relation to utilize the Low of Similarity, which clarifies the direction -of the evolution and allows to understand the flow of events in time on -a static graph. - -In other words, time dimension in our Time Curves is represented in -different, but complementary ways. First of all, checkpoints are -connected in chronological order to form a continuous and smooth curve -(achieved via using spline ideas, check the original paper for the -details \[2\]). Secondly, color of the curve segments changes to -highlight the evolution of the system states over time, i.e. specified -color-scale correspond to relative time-scale, e.g. red to blue gradient -correspond to start to end of the observation period. And last -time-related feature is the thickness of the curve segments, which is -increased proportionally to the ratio of time interval between the -checkpoints and total time of observation. - -While for some processes having an order of events in time is already -sufficient, for other observations estimates of interval between -checkpoints is necessary to analyse the system\'s behaviour. Meaning -that time relevance vary depending on the input. Therefore, *Time -Curves* provide control of how much the timeline is folded, which allows -users observe any state of the graph between curve-connected, purely -similarity-based scatter plot and a timeline (similarity is completely -ignored). We will refer to the process of transforming similarity -projection into a timeline as \"unfolding in time\" or simply -\"unfolding\" and it is performed via linear interpolation between point -coordinates obtained from projection algorithm and from constructing a -timeline, curvature is adjusted on the fly to preserve the smoothness -between connective segments. - -## Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log file - -The following section shows the manual analysis of the roughly \~75,000 -logs contained in the Zookeeper dataset. Each row in Table 2 starts with -a timestamp which corresponds to the timestamp of the first log line to -which the description belongs to. The absolute number of logs included -in the description follows. Note that the Zookeeper dataset needs to be -sorted according to the timestamps in order to make sense. In addition, -also note that the analysis is coarse-grained but also finer whenever -new logs that did not appear before take place. -``` -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 17:41:41,536 Logs 1 to 13 | -| | -| Startup process from Zookeeper, reading configuration, configuring | -| quorum, data directory cleanup, quorum peer process starting (which | -| is responsible for managing the zookeeper ensemble). | -+=======================================================================+ -| 2015-07-29 17:41:41,692 Logs 14 to 44 | -| | -| Election leader process. The server binds the port. The server myid=1 | -| enters the LOOKING state which means it is looking for a leader. The | -| server proposes itself (0x0). It logs that there are connection | -| issues to server 10.10.34.12 and 13. Finally receives a connection | -| request from 10.10.34.12 showing that it is also on the looking | -| state. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 17:42:28,519 Logs 45 to 63 | -| | -| Server transitions to the FOLLOWING state, meaning it found a Leader. | -| The server logs configuration and so on. The election process is | -| finished and notified its length. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 17:42:28,588 Logs 64 to 105 | -| | -| Before anything significant, another election process starts. The | -| server myid=2 starts LOOKING and in the end it starts LEADING, thus | -| replacing myid=1. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 17:42:30:418 Logs 106 to 203 | -| | -| Yet another election process starts with server myid=3 proposing | -| itself, but there are connection problems, response notifications are | -| taking very long. Server 2 becomes the new leader eventually. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 17:46:17,171 Logs 204 to 3,582 | -| | -| Connection requests from followers to the leaders occur with errors | -| all the time (connection request, then connection broken, then | -| interrupting, then some GOODBYES). These happen intertwined with | -| "Unexpected exception causing shutdown while socket still open". | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:21:26,842 Logs 3,582 to 53,161 | -| | -| Connection requests are still failing but now without the unexpected | -| exception. Simply being broken. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:37:24,535 Logs 53,162 to 53,206 | -| | -| Finally, connections from clients begin. Before it was all servers. | -| Connections are established. New log files are created as well. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:37:27,211 Logs 53,206 to 53,218 | -| | -| Multiple errors from clients trying to create nodes which already | -| exist (files). For example, "/home". | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:48:31,603 Logs 53,219 to 53,312 | -| | -| Connection requests from clients along with first-time ever properly | -| closing sockets (and end of stream exceptions). | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:52:16,000 Logs 53,341 to 53,541 | -| | -| First ever messages of expiring sessions from clients because of | -| timeout. Messages about the processed session termination follow. | -| They get intertwined with standard client connection requests and | -| established sessions. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:53:09,882 Logs 53,542 to 53,800 | -| | -| Follower has an exception and shuts down (server myid=3) (note that | -| the leader is myid=2). It calls for shutdown and closes multiple | -| connections of clients it had open. After it shuts down, it | -| transitions to LOOKING to find the leader again. It also reads the | -| snapshot to restore state. Multiple rounds of notifications take | -| place for voting the new leader. Server myid=2 is the new leader. It | -| was already leader, but since myid=3 had some problems, it triggered | -| a new election. Meanwhile there are many client and server | -| connections. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-29 19:56:52,122 Logs 53,801 to 58,878 | -| | -| Standard sessions and connections are requested, established and | -| finished (expiring and being closed as well). Some finish with the | -| end of stream exception, but nothing significant. A node exists error | -| is also there. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-30 17:40:45,765 Logs 58,879 to 58,945 | -| | -| Connection is lost with myid=1 from myid=2 and myid=3. Therefore, a | -| new election is triggered. The severs are on the LOOKING state. The | -| "Have smaller server identified" log appears for the first time. The | -| new leader is myid=1. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-07-30 17:49:00,254 Logs 58,945 to 59,044 | -| | -| Normal processing. Another exception when following leader from | -| myid=3. New election triggered. Meanwhile everything normal. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| **\*All logs between 59,044 and 70,383\*** | -| | -| Now up until the end, multiple elections happen because there is | -| always one server crashing every once in a while. Always intertwined | -| with normal processing, but of less duration. Sometimes a new log | -| file is also created -- this depends on epochs and so on. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-08-24 15:26:54,671 Logs 70,383 to 73,993 | -| | -| After a lot of the previously described, a new election is initiated | -| by myid=1, but this one is flawed. The server myid=1 is complaining | -| for long about not being able to open a connection to myid=2 and | -| myid=3. This lasts for long until finally elections are resolved and | -| the new leader is myid=2. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| 2015-08-25 08:03:15,876 Logs 73,993 to end (74,380) | -| | -| A couple elections more take place in a similar fashion, but no | -| connection errors between servers. There is no shutdown or anything | -| of similar nature at the end. | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` -Snippet 1. Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log collection. - -## Large Language Model summarization - -In this section, a general Large Language Model (LLM) is used to further -summarize and compare the logging information contained within -checkpoints in the Time Curve analysis. While fine-tuning a custom Small -Language Model is intended for future work, we show that a general LLM -without any prior training or prompts is able to help with the -summarization. This is the case due to these large models (such as GPT 4 -\[3\]) being trained on large corpus of text which typically -include logs from the analysed datasets (e.g., Flink or Zookeeper). - -The interaction with Microsoft Copilot used for generating the answers -in Section 4-B is recorded below. Quoted answers in the paper are -highlighted in dark red. - -### Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label C -``` -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| | -| Can you summarize for me the following templates which correspond to | -| logs from an apache zookeeper service? In particular, what is | -| happening in the system? | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | -| still open | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | -| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Creating new log file: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | -| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | -| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | -| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | -| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | -| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | -| scheduled. | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | -| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | -| = | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o modeCopilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Certainly! Here's a summary of what is happening in the system based | -| on the provided Apache ZooKeeper log templates: | -| | -| **Summary of Log Events** | -| | -| 1. **Unexpected Shutdown**: | -| | -| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | -| sock still open | -| | -| - An unexpected exception has caused the server to shut down | -| while a socket was still open. | -| | -| 2. **Leader Election**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| - The leader election process has taken place. | -| | -| 3. **Client Connections**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at | -| \<\*\> | -| | -| - A client is attempting to connect to the ZooKeeper server. | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> | -| which had sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has closed a socket connection for a client, | -| identified by a session ID. | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated | -| timeout \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| - A new session has been successfully established with a | -| client, including a negotiated timeout. | -| | -| - INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFact | -| ory\@197\] - | -| Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has accepted a new socket connection from a | -| client. | -| | -| 4. **Session Management**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - | -| Processed session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has processed the termination of a session, | -| identified by a session ID. | -| | -| - INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring | -| session \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| - A session has expired because its timeout period was | -| exceeded. | -| | -| 5. **Server Initialization and Configuration**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 | -| minSessionTimeout 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir | -| /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 snapdir | -| /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| - The server has been created with specific configuration | -| parameters. | -| | -| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration | -| from: /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | -| | -| - The server is reading its configuration from a specified | -| file. | -| | -| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | -| | -| - The quorum peer is starting. | -| | -| 6. **Synchronization and Data Management**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server is synchronizing with a follower. | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server is getting a differential update from the leader. | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server is reading a snapshot. | -| | -| 7. **Warnings and Errors**: | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | -| error = | -| | -| - A connection has been broken for a specific client ID. | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@34 | -| 9\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| - The server encountered an end-of-stream exception, indicating | -| an unexpected disconnection. | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@ | -| 793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if | -| server is in r-o mode | -| | -| - A connection request from an old client will be dropped if | -| the server is in read-only mode. | -| | -| **Overall System Activity** | -| | -| The logs indicate that the ZooKeeper server is actively managing | -| client connections and sessions, handling leader elections, | -| initializing and configuring the server, and synchronizing data with | -| followers. The server also deals with various warnings and errors, | -| such as unexpected shutdowns, broken connections, and session | -| expirations. | -| | -| Is there a specific part of this process you'd like to explore | -| further? | -| | -| You | -| | -| **Sent by you:** | -| | -| Should I be worried about the errors? | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Errors in your ZooKeeper logs, especially those causing shutdowns, | -| should definitely be investigated. Here are some steps to help you | -| understand and address these errors: | -| | -| **Key Error to Address** | -| | -| - **Unexpected Exception Causing Shutdown**: | -| | -| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | -| sock still open | -| | -| - This indicates a critical issue that caused the server to | -| shut down unexpectedly. It's important to identify the root | -| cause to prevent future occurrences. | -| | -| **Potential Causes and Actions** | -| | -| 1. **Software Bugs**: | -| | -| - **Cause**: There might be a bug in the ZooKeeper software or | -| your application. | -| | -| - **Action**: Check for any available updates or patches for | -| ZooKeeper. Review recent changes in your application that | -| might have introduced the issue. | -| | -| 2. **Resource Exhaustion**: | -| | -| - **Cause**: The server might be running out of resources | -| (e.g., memory, CPU). | -| | -| - **Action**: Monitor resource usage on the server. Consider | -| increasing resources or optimizing the application to use | -| fewer resources. | -| | -| 3. **Network Issues**: | -| | -| - **Cause**: Network instability can cause unexpected | -| disconnections and errors. | -| | -| - **Action**: Ensure that the network is stable and reliable. | -| Check for any network configuration issues or hardware | -| problems. | -| | -| 4. **Configuration Problems**: | -| | -| - **Cause**: Incorrect or suboptimal configuration settings can | -| lead to errors. | -| | -| - **Action**: Review your ZooKeeper configuration settings. | -| Ensure they are set according to best practices and your | -| specific use case. | -| | -| **Monitoring and Prevention** | -| | -| - **Log Monitoring**: Continuously monitor your logs for errors and | -| warnings. Set up alerts for critical issues. | -| | -| - **Regular Maintenance**: Perform regular maintenance tasks, such | -| as cleaning up old data and ensuring the server is running | -| optimally. | -| | -| - **Testing**: Test your application and ZooKeeper setup in a | -| staging environment before deploying changes to production. | -| | -| **Conclusion** | -| | -| While occasional errors might not be a cause for immediate concern, | -| frequent or critical errors like unexpected shutdowns should be | -| addressed promptly to ensure the stability and reliability of your | -| ZooKeeper service. | -| | -| Would you like more detailed guidance on any of these steps or have | -| any specific concerns about your setup? | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` -Snippet 2. Single checkpoint summarization in Label `C`. - -### Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label D -``` -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| | -| Can you summarize for me the following templates which correspond to | -| logs from an apache zookeeper service? In particular, what is | -| happening in the system? | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Certainly! Here's a summary of what is happening in the system based | -| on the provided Apache ZooKeeper log templates: | -| | -| **Summary of Log Events** | -| | -| 1. **Client Connection Attempts**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at | -| \<\*\> | -| | -| - A client is trying to connect to the ZooKeeper server. | -| | -| 2. **Socket Connection Closure**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> | -| which had sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has closed a socket connection for a client, | -| identified by a session ID. | -| | -| 3. **Session Establishment**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated | -| timeout \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| - A new session has been successfully established with a | -| client, including a negotiated timeout. | -| | -| 4. **Session Termination Processing**: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - | -| Processed session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has processed the termination of a session, | -| identified by a session ID. | -| | -| 5. **Socket Connection Acceptance**: | -| | -| - INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFact | -| ory\@197\] - | -| Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| - The server has accepted a new socket connection from a | -| client. | -| | -| 6. **Session Expiration**: | -| | -| - INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring | -| session \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| - A session has expired because its timeout period was | -| exceeded. | -| | -| 7. **End of Stream Exception**: | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@34 | -| 9\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| - The server encountered an end-of-stream exception, indicating | -| an unexpected disconnection. | -| | -| 8. **Connection Request from Old Client**: | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@ | -| 793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if | -| server is in r-o mode | -| | -| - A connection request from an old client will be dropped if | -| the server is in read-only mode. | -| | -| **Overall System Activity** | -| | -| The logs indicate that the ZooKeeper server is actively managing | -| client connections and sessions. It handles new connection attempts, | -| establishes and terminates sessions, and processes session | -| expirations. The server also deals with connection issues, such as | -| end-of-stream exceptions and connection requests from outdated | -| clients. | -| | -| Is there a specific part of this process you'd like to dive deeper | -| into? | -| | -| You | -| | -| **Sent by you:** | -| | -| Should I be worried about the end-of-stream exceptions? | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| End-of-stream exceptions in ZooKeeper logs can indicate that a client | -| connection was unexpectedly closed. While these exceptions are not | -| uncommon and can occur for various reasons, they are worth | -| monitoring. Here are a few considerations: | -| | -| **Potential Causes** | -| | -| 1. **Network Issues**: Temporary network disruptions can cause | -| clients to disconnect unexpectedly. | -| | -| 2. **Client-Side Problems**: The client application might be | -| experiencing issues or crashes. | -| | -| 3. **Server Overload**: The server might be under heavy load, | -| causing it to drop connections. | -| | -| **Impact** | -| | -| - **Transient Issues**: If these exceptions are infrequent, they | -| might not significantly impact the system. | -| | -| - **Persistent Problems**: Frequent end-of-stream exceptions could | -| indicate underlying issues that need to be addressed, such as | -| network instability or server performance problems. | -| | -| **Actions to Take** | -| | -| 1. **Monitor Frequency**: Keep an eye on how often these exceptions | -| occur. A sudden increase might warrant further investigation. | -| | -| 2. **Check Network Stability**: Ensure that the network between | -| clients and the server is stable and reliable. | -| | -| 3. **Review Client Logs**: Look at the client-side logs to see if | -| there are any corresponding errors or issues. | -| | -| 4. **Server Performance**: Monitor the server's performance metrics | -| to ensure it is not overloaded. | -| | -| If the end-of-stream exceptions are causing noticeable issues or if | -| their frequency increases, it would be a good idea to investigate | -| further to identify and resolve the root cause. | -| | -| Would you like more detailed steps on how to monitor and troubleshoot | -| these exceptions? | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` -Snippet 3. Single checkpoint summarization in Label `D`. - -### Query about pairwise comparison between checkpoints in Label D -``` -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| | -| Can you tell me the difference between these two set of logs? | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| And this other one: | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[ProcessThread(sid:2 cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@627\] | -| - Got user-level KeeperException when processing \<\*\> type:create | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> txntype:-1 reqpath:n/a Error \<\*\> | -| Error:KeeperErrorCode = NodeExists for \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Certainly! Here are the differences between the two sets of logs: | -| | -| 1. **Additional INFO Log**: | -| | -| - **Second Set**: Contains an additional INFO log: | -| | -| - INFO \[ProcessThread(sid:2 | -| cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@627\] - Got user-level | -| KeeperException when processing \<\*\> type:create \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> txntype:-1 reqpath:n/a Error \<\*\> | -| Error:KeeperErrorCode = NodeExists for \<\*\> | -| | -| This log indicates a KeeperException due to a node already existing. | -| | -| 2. **Error Log Presence**: | -| | -| - **First Set**: Does not contain the KeeperException log | -| mentioned above. | -| | -| These differences suggest that the second set of logs includes an | -| additional event where a KeeperException occurred, indicating an | -| attempt to create a node that already exists. | -| | -| Is there anything specific you need help with regarding these logs? | -| | -| You | -| | -| **Sent by you:** | -| | -| Is this \"KeeperException\" a serious error? | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| A KeeperException in ZooKeeper can vary in severity depending on the | -| specific type of exception. The NodeExistsException, which is | -| mentioned in your logs, indicates that an attempt was made to create | -| a node that already exists. [This is generally not a critical error | -| but rather an indication that the operation needs to handle the | -| existence of the node more | -| gracefully^1^](https://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/r3.3.3/api/org/apache | -| /zookeeper/KeeperException.html). | -| | -| [However, other types of KeeperException can be more serious, such | -| as ConnectionLossException or SessionExpiredException, which indicate | -| issues with the connection to the ZooKeeper server or session | -| management^1^](https://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/r3.3.3/api/org/apache | -| /zookeeper/KeeperException.html). | -| | -| Would you like more details on handling specific types | -| of KeeperException? | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` -Snippet 4. Pairwise checkpoint summarization in Label `D`. - -### Query about pairwise comparison between Label C and E - -``` -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -| | -| Can you please tell me the similarities between these two sets of log | -| lines from the Apache Zookeeper system? | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | -| still open | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | -| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | -| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | -| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | -| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | -| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | -| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | -| scheduled. | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | -| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | -| = | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode And this other one: | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | -| still open | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | -| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and setting | -| last processed zxid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | -| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | -| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | -| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | -| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@1001\] - | -| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session established | -| for client) | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | -| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: Socket closed | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@354\] - | -| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to java.io.IOException: | -| ZooKeeperServer not running | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Certainly! Here are the similarities between the two sets of log | -| lines from the Apache Zookeeper system: | -| | -| 1. **Log Levels**: Both sets include log lines with ERROR, INFO, | -| and WARN levels, indicating different severities of events. | -| | -| 2. **Placeholders**: Both sets use placeholders (\<\*\>) to | -| anonymize specific details such as session IDs, client IDs, or | -| other dynamic values. | -| | -| 3. **Common Events**: | -| | -| - **Unexpected Exceptions**: Both sets have ERROR logs related | -| to unexpected exceptions causing shutdowns. | -| | -| - **Leader Election**: Both sets include INFO logs about the | -| leader election process. | -| | -| - **Socket Connections**: Both sets log information about | -| socket connections being opened or closed. | -| | -| - **Session Management**: Both sets include logs about session | -| creation, termination, and expiration. | -| | -| - **Snapshot Reading**: Both sets have logs related to reading | -| snapshots. | -| | -| - **Client Requests**: Both sets log client connection requests | -| and attempts. | -| | -| 4. **Server Environment**: Both sets include logs about the server | -| environment and configuration details, such as Java vendor and | -| Zookeeper version. | -| | -| 5. **Warnings**: Both sets contain WARN logs about connection | -| issues, interruptions, and exceptions during operations. | -| | -| 6. **Specific Processes**: | -| | -| - **Leader Election Details**: Both sets provide detailed logs | -| about the leader election process, including notifications | -| and proposals. | -| | -| - **Session Handling**: Both sets log the establishment and | -| termination of sessions, including details about session IDs | -| and timeouts. | -| | -| - **Client Interactions**: Both sets include logs about client | -| interactions, such as connection attempts and socket | -| closures. | -| | -| These similarities indicate that both sets of logs are from the | -| Apache Zookeeper system, capturing various operational events and | -| issues related to leader election, session management, and client | -| connections. | -| | -| You | -| | -| **Sent by you:** | -| | -| Could you please tell me what is the difference between these two | -| sets of logs? | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | -| still open | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | -| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | -| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | -| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | -| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | -| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | -| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | -| scheduled. | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | -| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | -| | -| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | -| = | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode And this other one: | -| | -| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | -| still open | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | -| sessionid \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | -| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | -| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and setting | -| last processed zxid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | -| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | -| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | -| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | -| | -| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | -| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | -| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@1001\] - | -| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session established | -| for client) | -| | -| \- INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | -| \] | -| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | -| | -| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | -| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | -| | -| \- INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | -| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: Socket closed | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | -| | -| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | -| caught end of stream exception | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@354\] - | -| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to java.io.IOException: | -| ZooKeeperServer not running | -| | -| \- WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Sure! Here are the differences between the two sets of logs: | -| | -| 1. **Error Logs**: | -| | -| - **First Set**: Contains two error logs: | -| | -| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | -| | -| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | -| sock still open | -| | -| - **Second Set**: Contains only one error log: | -| | -| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | -| sock still open | -| | -| 2. **INFO Logs**: | -| | -| - **First Set**: Includes the following INFO logs not present | -| in the second set: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | -| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle | -| Corporation | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | -| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | -| | -| - INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My | -| election bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | -| | -| - INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | -| scheduled. | -| | -| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration | -| from: /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | -| | -| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | -| | -| - **Second Set**: Includes the following INFO logs not present | -| in the first set: | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and | -| setting last processed zxid: \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| \<\*\> \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | -| | -| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | -| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | -| | -| - INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | -| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | -| | -| - INFO | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@10 | -| 01\] - | -| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session | -| established for client) | -| | -| - INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | -| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: | -| Socket closed | -| | -| 3. **WARN Logs**: | -| | -| - **First Set**: Contains the following WARN logs not present | -| in the second set: | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | -| error = | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | -| | -| - **Second Set**: Contains the following WARN logs not present | -| in the first set: | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@35 | -| 4\] - | -| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to | -| java.io.IOException: ZooKeeperServer not running | -| | -| These differences indicate that the first set of logs includes more | -| detailed information about the server environment and configuration, | -| while the second set includes more details about the election process | -| and issues encountered during synchronization and session management. | -| | -| Is there anything specific you need help with regarding these logs? | -| | -| You | -| | -| **Sent by you:** | -| | -| Can you be more specific about the differences of WARN logs? What is | -| changing betweem the two? | -| | -| Copilot | -| | -| **Sent by Copilot:** | -| | -| Certainly! Here are the specific differences in the WARN logs between | -| the two sets: | -| | -| 1. **First Set**: | -| | -| - **Connection Issues**: | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | -| error = | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | -| | -| These logs indicate issues with connection stability and | -| interruptions in the message queue and send worker processes. | -| | -| 2. **Second Set**: | -| | -| - **Leader and Session Issues**: | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | -| | -| - WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | -| | -| - WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@35 | -| 4\] - | -| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to | -| java.io.IOException: ZooKeeperServer not running | -| | -| These logs highlight issues related to leader election and | -| synchronization, such as unexpected zxid values and exceptions when | -| following the leader, as well as a specific session closure due to | -| the server not running. | -| | -| Both sets share some common WARN logs related to connection issues: | -| | -| WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | -| | -| WARN \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] | -| - caught end of stream exception | -| | -| WARN | -| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | -| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | -| is in r-o mode | -| | -| These differences suggest that the first set focuses more on | -| connection stability and worker interruptions, while the second set | -| emphasizes leader election and synchronization issues. | -| | -| Is there anything else you need help with regarding these logs? | -+-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ -``` -Snippet 5. Pairwise checkpoint summarization between Labels `C` and `D`. - -## Log datasets - -The following datasets were employed for each of the evaluation sections. These range in sizes from just a few thousand to four million logs. - -- Stream Processing analysis: The [Spark driver](data/spark-driver.log), [Flink job manager](data/flink-job-manager.log) and the [Kafka Streams worker #0](data/kafka-streams-worker-0.log) logs were used. -- Public dataset analysis: The [Zookeeper](data/Zookeeper.log) log collection from LogPai [4] was used. -- Multiple curve analysis: A proprietary dataset corresponding to three instances of the same application was used. This included stages such as application initialization, logger configuration, launching a Java server application, awaiting and servicing connections and also shutdown of the instance. -- Scalability analysis: The HDFS, BGL, Spark and Windows log datasets were used from the [LogHub collection](https://zenodo.org/records/8196385). They were cropped to one million log lines in order to test the runtime as function of the variability. - -## Citing - -If you use our work, please cite the following paper: - -Borysenkov, Dmytro, Adriano Vogel, Sören Henning, and Esteban Perez-Wohlfeil. "Analyzing Logs of Large-Scale Software Systems Using Time Curves Visualization". arXiv [Cs.SE], 2024. arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05533. - -## References - -1. Koffka, Kurt. *Principles of Gestalt psychology*. -routledge, 2013. - -2. Bach, Benjamin, Conglei Shi, Nicolas Heulot, Tara -Madhyastha, Tom Grabowski, and Pierre Dragicevic. \"Time curves: Folding -time to visualize patterns of temporal evolution in data.\" *IEEE -transactions on visualization and computer graphics* 22, no. 1 (2015): -559-568. - -3. Achiam, Josh, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, -Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida et al. \"Gpt-4 -technical report.\" *arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774* (2023). - -4. Zhu, Jieming, Shilin He, Pinjia He, Jinyang Liu, and Michael R. Lyu. -"Loghub: A large collection of system log datasets for ai-driven log -analytics." In 2023 IEEE 34th International Symposium on Software -Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), pp. 355-366. IEEE, 2023. +# Analyzing Logs of Large-Scale Software Systems using Time Curves Visualization + +This repository contains the supplementary data mentioned in the paper "Analyzing Logs +of Large-Scale Software Systems using Time Curves Visualization". In addition, GIF animations +of the static *Time Curves* in the paper are provided and can be played in your browser. + +## Table of contents + +1. [Animated Time Curves](#animated-time-curves) + - [Spark Structured Streaming](#spark-structured-streaming) + - [Apache Flink](#apache-flink) + - [Kafka Streams](#kafka-streams) + - [Zookeeper dataset](#zookeeper-dataset) + - [Multiple curve analysis](#multiple-curve-analysis) +2. [Glossary](#glossary) +3. [Logs source in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks](#logs-source-in-each-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks) +4. [Example logs found in each stage of the Stream Processing Frameworks](#example-logs-found-in-each-stage-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks) +5. [Grouping events in the Stream Processing Frameworks experiment](#grouping-events-in-the-stream-processing-frameworks-experiment) +6. [Correlation of the Stream Processing Frameworks with throughput](#correlation-of-the-stream-processing-frameworks-with-throughput) +7. [Hardware setup](#hardware-setup) +8. [Proofs for the distance function being a semimetric](#proofs-for-the-distance-function-being-a-semimetric) +9. [Counterexample that the proposed distance is not a metric](#counterexample-that-the-proposed-distance-is-not-a-metric) +10. [Optimizations to the distance computation](#optimizations-to-the-distance-computation) +11. [Representing time within Time Curves](#representing-time-within-time-curves) +12. [Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log file](#manual-analysis-of-the-zookeeper-log-file) +13. [Large Language Model summarization](#large-language-model-summarization) + - [Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label C](#query-about-single-checkpoint-summarization-in-label-c) + - [Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label D](#query-about-single-checkpoint-summarization-in-label-d) + - [Query about pairwise comparison between checkpoints in Label D](#query-about-pairwise-comparison-between-checkpoints-in-label-d) + - [Query about pairwise comparison between Label C and E](#query-about-pairwise-comparison-between-label-c-and-e) +14. [Log datasets](#log-datasets) +15. [Citing](#citing) +16. [References](#references) + +## Animated Time Curves + +In this section, the animated versions of each of the presented Time +Curve analysis are shown. Each curve begins fully drawn. Afterwards, it +is played from start to end. + +### Spark Structured Streaming +drawing + +### Apache Flink +drawing + +### Kafka Streams +drawing + +### Zookeeper dataset +drawing + +### Multiple curve analysis +drawing + +## Glossary + +The following terms are used throughout the main manuscript. Definitions are provided +in the context used in the manuscript, rather than their formal definitions. + +- Log: String represented text message usually consisting of a timestamp and a payload. +- Template: A string representation of a set of logs which are very close semantically and typically differ only in syntactical elements, such as host names or service ID's. +- Distance: A number that quantifies how far away two objects are, such as for example, points in a 2D projection. Similarly, the notion of distance may be extended to be a "metric distance", where formal mathematical constraints must be satisfied (e.g. triangle inequality). +- Semimetric: A semimetric is a distance metric that does not satisfy the triangle inequality but does satisfy all other constraints (separation, positivity, symmetry). +- Similarity measure: Inversely to a distance, it quantifies how close two objects are. +- Time Curve: A 2D projection of a set of data points which includes information about time and similarity between them. +- System: Any computer machine that can provide logging or tracing about the execution that is being performed. +- Event: A set of consecutive logs of a system which are related by, e.g., process, cause, etc.; in other words, a snapshot over small timeframe of a system based on the logging. +- Checkpoint: Representation of an event, which keeps its timestamp and corresponds to a data point in a Time Curve but replaces the set of original logs with a set of templates. +- Evolution of the system: Chronological sequence of events representing changes in the behavior of the system over time. +- Pattern: A set of contiguous checkpoints visually representing a particular evolution of the system, such as cycles, clusters, etc. + +Example visual patterns of interest in Time Curves can be found below: + +drawing + +## Logs source in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks + +The following sources were used for collection of logs in the Stream +Processing frameworks, namely (1) the Spark driver for Spark Structured +Streaming, (2) the consumer group worker that corresponds to the +partition leader in Kafka Streams and (3) the job manager in Apache +Flink. + +## Example logs found in each stage of the Stream Processing Frameworks + +The following table contains example logs that were found in each of the +identified stages of interest in the stream processing framework +analysis in Section IV-A. This includes startup, failure, recovery and +shutdown. + +Note that for Kafka Streams there are no indistinguishable logs for the +fault recovery besides what can be considered normal processing logging +statements. +``` ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Stage | Spark Str. | Apache Flink | Kafka Streams | +| | Streaming | | | ++=================+=================+=================+=================+ +| Startup | INFO | INFO ... | INFO | +| | SparkContext OS | RESOURCE PARAMS | AppInfoParser | +| | info Linux 5 | ... logs jvm | Kafka version: | +| | ... x86 64 | params | 3.5.0 | +| | amd64 | Xmx1530082096 | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Failure | ERROR ... Lost | INFO ... | INFO ... | +| | executor <*> | <*> switched | Revoked | +| | Not receiving | from RUNNING to | partitions | +| | heartbeat ... | FAILED on flink | | +| | | ... | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Fault recovery | INFO ... | INFO ... | INFO Processed | +| | Registered | Deploying | <*> total | +| | | Source ... to | records | +| | executor with | flink-taskmanag | | +| | ID <*> | er | | +| | | ... | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Shutdown | WARN ... | INFO ... | INFO Processed | +| | Disconnected | Shutting down | <*> total | +| | from Spark | remote daemon | records | +| | cluster! ... | | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +``` +Table 1. Example of log records found in the stages corresponding to +startup, failure injection, fault recovery and shutdown in the three +different Stream Processing frameworks. Note that some messages have +been reduced in size for clarity. + +## Grouping events in the Stream Processing Frameworks experiment + +This section includes additional details about the grouping of events +given the set of parameters shown in Table 1. Parameters marked with `*` +imply that they are *not* default. +``` ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| | Spark Str. | Apache Flink | Kafka Streams | +| | Stream. | | | ++=================+=================+=================+=================+ +| Clustering | Drain, tree | Drain, tree | Drain, tree | +| Algorithm | depth=8 | depth=8 | depth=8 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Clustering | 0.4 | 0.4 | 0.4 | +| similarity | | | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Number of | Desired = 25, | Desired = 25, | Desired = 15*, | +| checkpoints | resulted in 20 | resulted in 62 | resulted in 15 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Top k-gaps to | 10 | 10 | 10 | +| use | | | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Relative window | 0.25 | 0.25 | 0.25 | +| size | | | | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Conv. Window | exp | exp | exp | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Window thresh. | 1.01 | 1.01 | 1.01 | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +| Min-max ratio | 0.05 | 0.05 | 0.001* | ++-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+-----------------+ +``` +Table 2. Parameters used for the automatic grouping of events in the +Stream Processing experiment. + +The following plots explain the grouping decisions for each framework. + +![](./media/image6.png) + +Figure 1. Grouping details in Spark Structured Streaming. + +In Spark Structured Streaming, the events align quite well with the +injected failures. Notice that in some ocassions the split takes place +because of either a severity change (which perfectly aligns with the +injected failure) or as a result of a large time gap. Notice too that +if the number of top k-gaps was reduced, the severity change would still +group the events around the failures, however, currently the time gap +event trigger occurs shortly before the severity level change, therefore +instead of splitting into two different events, they are grouped into a +single one. All event grouping parameters are left default for Spark. + +![](./media/image7.png) + +Figure 2. Grouping details in Apache Flink. + +In the case of Flink, we have many more events after every error because +of the changes in severity level. This is not a problem because those +checkpoints are almost identical and get put into halo clusters in the +corresponding Time Curves. After the repetitive succession of errors, the next +event is generated by the largest time gap, showing that the system is +processing normally. All event grouping parameters are left default for Flink. + +![](./media/image8.png) + +Figure 3. Grouping details in Kafka Streams. + +The case of Kafka Streams is more complicated. As can be seen, up until the +log number ~3,250, the reported severity level errors are not as a result of +the injected failures. In fact, the failures are reported as standard `INFO` +messages. This means that all the information corresponding to the failures is +condensed exclusively into the last ~1,000 logs and therefore all the grouping +occurs because of time gaps (between the 12 minute marks) rather than because of +error messages or number of logs. This is the reason why the default grouping +had to be changed from default, since no proper logging was available. As +stated in the paper, this is partially due to the framework and the selection +of the logging source (worker 0). + +## Correlation of the Stream Processing Frameworks with throughput + +This section shows how the throughput (in terms of messages processed +per second) reported from the Stream Processing Frameworks correlates +with the reported events of failure and recovery as reported in the main +manuscript. + +![A graph of a graph Description automatically generated with medium +confidence](./media/image9.png) + +Figure 4. Throughput measured as the number of processed records per +second in each of the Stream Processing Frameworks. + +As can be seen in Figure 4, all frameworks exhibit a temporary decrease +in throughput when the failures are injected (represented as vertical +bars after every 12 minute mark). This aligns especially with the +severity level changes and the time gaps observed in Spark Structured +Streaming and Apache Flink. In the case of Kafka Streams, only the time +gaps result in event splits due to the framework not reporting any +severity change. These can be seen at the end of Figure 3, after the +initial \~3,250 log records. + +## Hardware setup + +The scalability section of the manuscript was run on a local machine +with an Intel Core i9-11950H with disabled turbo boost running at 2.60 +GHz and 64 GB of memory. They were run on WSL with Ubuntu version 22, +Java 17 and Python 3.8. + +## Proofs for the distance function being a semimetric +The proposed distance function is formally not a metric, since a metric needs to satisfy the following properties for any elements $x$ and $y$ from the set: +1. **Non-negativity**: $dist(x, y) \geq 0$. +2. **Identity of indiscernibles**: $dist(x, y) = 0 \iff x = y$. +3. **Symmetry**: $dist(x, y) = dist(y, x)$. +4. **Triangle inequality**: $dist(x, z) \leq dist(x, y) + dist(y, z)$. + +If only the first 3 properties are satisfied, but the triangular inequality +is violated, then $dist$ is a semimetric. We will now prove that $D(\cdot,\cdot)$ is indeed a semimetric over the set of all possible checkpoints. + +1. Since all terms are non-negative, so is the $D(\cdot, \cdot)$, *i.e.*: + $$D'(x,y) = \frac{1}{m} \sum_{i=0}^{m} \min_{j} d(y_i, x_j) \overset{d(x_i,y_j) \geq 0}{\geq} 0.$$ + $$D(x,y) {\geq} \frac{\log_2 |x| \cdot 0 + \log_2 |y| \cdot 0}{\log_2 |x| + \log_2 |y|} = 0.$$ + +2. Identity of indiscernibles can be verified as follows: + $$\begin{align*} + D(x,y) = 0 &\iff D'(x,y) = D'(y,x) = 0 \\ + &\iff \left\{ + \begin{array}{ll} + \forall i \min_{j = 0,\dots, n-1} &d(x_i, y_j) = 0, \\ + \forall j \min_{i = 0,\dots, m-1} &d(y_j, x_i) = 0. \\ + \end{array} \right. \\ + &\iff \forall i \ \ x_i \in y \text{ and } \forall j \ \ y_j \in x \\ + &\iff x \subseteq y \text{ and } y \subseteq x \\ + &\iff x = y. + \end{align*} $$ +3. Symmetry holds by design, because $D(x,y)$ involves both $D'(x,y)$ and $D'(y,x)$. +4. The triangular inequality is the only violation of metric properties. This can be seen with nested checkpoints (a counterexample is available in section [Counterexample that the proposed distance is not a metric](#counterexample-that-the-proposed-distance-is-not-a-metric) ). + +## Counterexample that the proposed distance is not a metric + +The following example proves that the checkpoint distance is not a +metric (rather a semimetric) due to violating the triangle inequality. + +Let $x := {x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3, x_4, x_5, x_6, x_7} := A$, $y := {x_0, x_1}$, $z := {x_0, x_1, x_2, x_3}$, and the curve of 3 points $P := {x,y,z}$. + +Then $|A| = |x| = 8$ (8 unique templates, all are in $x$), $|y| = 2$, $|z| = 4$ and $|P| = 3$ (in total 3 points). + +Assume we have written down 24 different characters, and split them into templates $x_i$'s as follows: +Put (concatenate in any order) first 9 characters into $x_2$, next 9 into $x_3$, each of the rest 6 characters into a separate template to get $|x_0|=|x_1|=|x_4|=|x_5|=|x_6|=|x_7|=1$. Now add the $x_1$ character to $x_2$ and $x_3$, so that $|x_2| = |x_3| = 10$, then: +$d(x_2, x_1) = d(x_1, x_2) = d(x_1, x_3) = d(x_3, x_1) = \frac{1}{10}$ +and all other $d(x_i, x_j) = 1$. Moreover $x, y, z$ are nested: + +$y \subset z \subset x \implies D’(y,z) = D’(y,x) = D’(z,x) = 0.$ + +$D’(x,y) = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=0}^{7} \min_{j = 0,1} d(x_i, y_j)$ + +$= \frac{1}{8} (0 + 0 + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{10} + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = \frac{21}{40},$ + +$D’(x,z) = \frac{1}{8} \sum_{i=0}^{7} \min_{j = 0,1,2,3} d(x_i, z_j)$ + +$= \frac{1}{8} (0 + 0 + 0 + 0 + 1 + 1 + 1 + 1) = \frac{1}{2},$ + +$D’(z,y) = \frac{1}{4} \sum_{i=0}^{3} \min_{j = 0,1} d(z_i, y_j)$ + +$= \frac{1}{4} (0 + 0 + \frac{1}{10} + \frac{1}{10}) = \frac{1}{20}.$ + +$D(x,y) = \frac{\frac{21}{40}\log_2 8 + 0\log_2 2}{\log_2 (8 \cdot 2)} = \frac{63}{160} = 0.39375,$ + +$D(x,z) = \frac{\frac{1}{2}\log_2 8 + 0\log_2 4}{\log_2 (8 \cdot 4)} = \frac{\frac{1}{2} \cdot 3}{5} = 0.3,$ + +$D(z,y) = \frac{\frac{1}{20}\log_2 4 + 0\log_2 2}{\log_2 (4 \cdot 2)} = \frac{\frac{1}{20} \cdot 2}{3} = \frac{1}{30}.$ + +We finally arrived at the violation of triangular inequality: +$0.39375 = D(x,y) > D(x,z) + D(z,y) = \frac{3}{10} + \frac{1}{30} = \frac{1}{3}.$ + +This concludes that $D(\cdot,\cdot)$ is not a metric, since it violates triangular inequality, but it is a semi-metric by definition. + +## Optimizations to the distance computation + +The proposed semimetric requires significant computation. It is +comprised of multiple quadratic terms, including (1) the Levenshtein +distance itself, which is quadratic in the length of the strings, (2) +the comparison between two checkpoints is also quadratic, since it +requires to compare all templates in one checkpoint to all templates in +the other and finally (3) the comparison of all checkpoints, where a +distance matrix between checkpoints is required for the projection, thus +also resulting in a quadratic term. It can be seen that naively +computing the distance aggregation can become unfeasible quickly. +Therefore, a series of computational optimizations are used to lower the +complexity of the approach. + +Let us first define the output of the aggregation of all distances, +which is a symmetric matrix of pairwise distances between any two +checkpoints noted as $D_{M} \in \mathbb{R}^{N \times N}$ + +and defined entry-wise as follows: + +$$\forall i,j \in \{ 0,1,\ldots, \mid P \mid - 1\} D_{M}\lbrack i\rbrack\lbrack j\rbrack = D(P_{i},P_{j}).$$ + +Given $D( \cdot , \cdot)$ is a normalized semimetric, we have that +$D_{M} \in \lbrack 0,1\rbrack^{N \times N}$, is symmetric and its +diagonal entries are all zeros, which implies that only strictly upper +(or lower) triangular part of matrix needs to be calculated. + +The first measure is to pre-compute all pairwise distances between +unique templates. This translates into avoiding recomputation overhead +since there is a significant overlap of templates between checkpoints, +thus resulting in the complexity being nearly independent from the +number of checkpoints. To store distances between individual log +templates, let us define a matrix and denote it +$d_{M} \in (\lbrack 0,1\rbrack)^{\mid A \mid \times \mid A \mid}$, where +$\forall i,j\, \in \{ 0,1,\ldots,\mid A\mid - 1 \}\, d_{M}\lbrack i \rbrack\lbrack j \rbrack = d( A_{i},A_{j})$. + +Clearly only strictly upper (or lower) triangular part of matrix needs +to be computed explicitly since +$d_{M}\lbrack i\rbrack\lbrack j\rbrack = d(A_{i},A_{j}) = d(A_{j},A_{i}) = d_{M}\lbrack j\rbrack\lbrack i\rbrack.$ + +The second measure concerns the observation that many pairs of templates +appear only on specific checkpoints. This is a natural consequence of +the logging systems. Consider the example where an error appears only in +a single checkpoint. Then it is likely that the error will produce a +chain of log records related to it. When clustered, this will result in +multiple templates being present only in this checkpoint, and therefore +they cannot be compared together since checkpoints are compared only +against other checkpoints and not themselves. For this purpose, the +entries of $d_{M}$ are computed on demand, thus avoiding unnecessary +comparisons as well. + +A third measure concerns the Levenshtein distance directly. It is +possible to compute a lower bound for the Levenshtein distance based +simply on length difference of the templates. If two templates +significantly differ in length such estimate allows pruning further +computation of $d(x_{i},y_{j})$ in case the lower bound is larger than +the current minimum distance among pairs of templates with the current +one, i.e., for fixed $x_{i}$ $d(x_{i},y_{j}) > \min d(x_{i},y_{j})$ +means that $d(x_{i},y_{j})$ will not change $D(x,y)$ due to min term in +Eq. 1 and therefore can be skipped. + +In addition, in cases where there is a significant overlap between +templates in checkpoints, it may be possible to replace most of the +string comparisons by simple integer look-ups. This is achieved by +extending each template with a unique identifier, in a similar fashion +to hashing. However, hashing is not required since all templates are +guaranteed to be unique due to the clustering approach. And only a fast +identifier look-up is needed to check whether a given template is +present in a checkpoint. + +Note that in total all these optimizations significantly lower the +complexity of the average case without introducing any errors to +$D_{M}$. Nevertheless, the worst-case scenario remains possible and for +such cases the runtime can be further reduced by applying heuristic +techniques which do in fact affect the result of $D_{M}$. Among others, +this includes e.g., fine-tuning the clustering parameters to result in +less templates, and in extreme cases, replacing the Levenshtein distance +altogether by a faster approximation such as the Q-gram distance. + +## Representing time within Time Curves + +Representing time is necessary for understanding the sequence of events +in a collection of logs. For visualizing the time dimension of the +system evolution we follow another Gestalt Perception Principles +\[1\] smooth curvature instead of straight lines to satisfy the +Low of Continuity, which also helps to avoid confusions when the graph +crosses itself (which is typical of recurrent processes), and color-time +relation to utilize the Low of Similarity, which clarifies the direction +of the evolution and allows to understand the flow of events in time on +a static graph. + +In other words, time dimension in our Time Curves is represented in +different, but complementary ways. First of all, checkpoints are +connected in chronological order to form a continuous and smooth curve +(achieved via using spline ideas, check the original paper for the +details \[2\]). Secondly, color of the curve segments changes to +highlight the evolution of the system states over time, i.e. specified +color-scale correspond to relative time-scale, e.g. red to blue gradient +correspond to start to end of the observation period. And last +time-related feature is the thickness of the curve segments, which is +increased proportionally to the ratio of time interval between the +checkpoints and total time of observation. + +While for some processes having an order of events in time is already +sufficient, for other observations estimates of interval between +checkpoints is necessary to analyse the system\'s behaviour. Meaning +that time relevance vary depending on the input. Therefore, *Time +Curves* provide control of how much the timeline is folded, which allows +users observe any state of the graph between curve-connected, purely +similarity-based scatter plot and a timeline (similarity is completely +ignored). We will refer to the process of transforming similarity +projection into a timeline as \"unfolding in time\" or simply +\"unfolding\" and it is performed via linear interpolation between point +coordinates obtained from projection algorithm and from constructing a +timeline, curvature is adjusted on the fly to preserve the smoothness +between connective segments. + +## Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log file + +The following section shows the manual analysis of the roughly \~75,000 +logs contained in the Zookeeper dataset. Each row in Table 2 starts with +a timestamp which corresponds to the timestamp of the first log line to +which the description belongs to. The absolute number of logs included +in the description follows. Note that the Zookeeper dataset needs to be +sorted according to the timestamps in order to make sense. In addition, +also note that the analysis is coarse-grained but also finer whenever +new logs that did not appear before take place. +``` ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 17:41:41,536 Logs 1 to 13 | +| | +| Startup process from Zookeeper, reading configuration, configuring | +| quorum, data directory cleanup, quorum peer process starting (which | +| is responsible for managing the zookeeper ensemble). | ++=======================================================================+ +| 2015-07-29 17:41:41,692 Logs 14 to 44 | +| | +| Election leader process. The server binds the port. The server myid=1 | +| enters the LOOKING state which means it is looking for a leader. The | +| server proposes itself (0x0). It logs that there are connection | +| issues to server 10.10.34.12 and 13. Finally receives a connection | +| request from 10.10.34.12 showing that it is also on the looking | +| state. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 17:42:28,519 Logs 45 to 63 | +| | +| Server transitions to the FOLLOWING state, meaning it found a Leader. | +| The server logs configuration and so on. The election process is | +| finished and notified its length. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 17:42:28,588 Logs 64 to 105 | +| | +| Before anything significant, another election process starts. The | +| server myid=2 starts LOOKING and in the end it starts LEADING, thus | +| replacing myid=1. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 17:42:30:418 Logs 106 to 203 | +| | +| Yet another election process starts with server myid=3 proposing | +| itself, but there are connection problems, response notifications are | +| taking very long. Server 2 becomes the new leader eventually. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 17:46:17,171 Logs 204 to 3,582 | +| | +| Connection requests from followers to the leaders occur with errors | +| all the time (connection request, then connection broken, then | +| interrupting, then some GOODBYES). These happen intertwined with | +| "Unexpected exception causing shutdown while socket still open". | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:21:26,842 Logs 3,582 to 53,161 | +| | +| Connection requests are still failing but now without the unexpected | +| exception. Simply being broken. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:37:24,535 Logs 53,162 to 53,206 | +| | +| Finally, connections from clients begin. Before it was all servers. | +| Connections are established. New log files are created as well. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:37:27,211 Logs 53,206 to 53,218 | +| | +| Multiple errors from clients trying to create nodes which already | +| exist (files). For example, "/home". | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:48:31,603 Logs 53,219 to 53,312 | +| | +| Connection requests from clients along with first-time ever properly | +| closing sockets (and end of stream exceptions). | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:52:16,000 Logs 53,341 to 53,541 | +| | +| First ever messages of expiring sessions from clients because of | +| timeout. Messages about the processed session termination follow. | +| They get intertwined with standard client connection requests and | +| established sessions. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:53:09,882 Logs 53,542 to 53,800 | +| | +| Follower has an exception and shuts down (server myid=3) (note that | +| the leader is myid=2). It calls for shutdown and closes multiple | +| connections of clients it had open. After it shuts down, it | +| transitions to LOOKING to find the leader again. It also reads the | +| snapshot to restore state. Multiple rounds of notifications take | +| place for voting the new leader. Server myid=2 is the new leader. It | +| was already leader, but since myid=3 had some problems, it triggered | +| a new election. Meanwhile there are many client and server | +| connections. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-29 19:56:52,122 Logs 53,801 to 58,878 | +| | +| Standard sessions and connections are requested, established and | +| finished (expiring and being closed as well). Some finish with the | +| end of stream exception, but nothing significant. A node exists error | +| is also there. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-30 17:40:45,765 Logs 58,879 to 58,945 | +| | +| Connection is lost with myid=1 from myid=2 and myid=3. Therefore, a | +| new election is triggered. The severs are on the LOOKING state. The | +| "Have smaller server identified" log appears for the first time. The | +| new leader is myid=1. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-07-30 17:49:00,254 Logs 58,945 to 59,044 | +| | +| Normal processing. Another exception when following leader from | +| myid=3. New election triggered. Meanwhile everything normal. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| **\*All logs between 59,044 and 70,383\*** | +| | +| Now up until the end, multiple elections happen because there is | +| always one server crashing every once in a while. Always intertwined | +| with normal processing, but of less duration. Sometimes a new log | +| file is also created -- this depends on epochs and so on. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-08-24 15:26:54,671 Logs 70,383 to 73,993 | +| | +| After a lot of the previously described, a new election is initiated | +| by myid=1, but this one is flawed. The server myid=1 is complaining | +| for long about not being able to open a connection to myid=2 and | +| myid=3. This lasts for long until finally elections are resolved and | +| the new leader is myid=2. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| 2015-08-25 08:03:15,876 Logs 73,993 to end (74,380) | +| | +| A couple elections more take place in a similar fashion, but no | +| connection errors between servers. There is no shutdown or anything | +| of similar nature at the end. | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` +Snippet 1. Manual analysis of the Zookeeper log collection. + +## Large Language Model summarization + +In this section, a general Large Language Model (LLM) is used to further +summarize and compare the logging information contained within +checkpoints in the Time Curve analysis. While fine-tuning a custom Small +Language Model is intended for future work, we show that a general LLM +without any prior training or prompts is able to help with the +summarization. This is the case due to these large models (such as GPT 4 +\[3\]) being trained on large corpus of text which typically +include logs from the analysed datasets (e.g., Flink or Zookeeper). + +The interaction with Microsoft Copilot used for generating the answers +in Section 4-B is recorded below. Quoted answers in the paper are +highlighted in dark red. + +### Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label C +``` ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| | +| Can you summarize for me the following templates which correspond to | +| logs from an apache zookeeper service? In particular, what is | +| happening in the system? | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | +| still open | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | +| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Creating new log file: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | +| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | +| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | +| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | +| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | +| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | +| scheduled. | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | +| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | +| = | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o modeCopilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Certainly! Here's a summary of what is happening in the system based | +| on the provided Apache ZooKeeper log templates: | +| | +| **Summary of Log Events** | +| | +| 1. **Unexpected Shutdown**: | +| | +| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | +| sock still open | +| | +| - An unexpected exception has caused the server to shut down | +| while a socket was still open. | +| | +| 2. **Leader Election**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| - The leader election process has taken place. | +| | +| 3. **Client Connections**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at | +| \<\*\> | +| | +| - A client is attempting to connect to the ZooKeeper server. | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> | +| which had sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has closed a socket connection for a client, | +| identified by a session ID. | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated | +| timeout \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| - A new session has been successfully established with a | +| client, including a negotiated timeout. | +| | +| - INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFact | +| ory\@197\] - | +| Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has accepted a new socket connection from a | +| client. | +| | +| 4. **Session Management**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - | +| Processed session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has processed the termination of a session, | +| identified by a session ID. | +| | +| - INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring | +| session \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| - A session has expired because its timeout period was | +| exceeded. | +| | +| 5. **Server Initialization and Configuration**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 | +| minSessionTimeout 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir | +| /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 snapdir | +| /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| - The server has been created with specific configuration | +| parameters. | +| | +| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration | +| from: /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | +| | +| - The server is reading its configuration from a specified | +| file. | +| | +| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | +| | +| - The quorum peer is starting. | +| | +| 6. **Synchronization and Data Management**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server is synchronizing with a follower. | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server is getting a differential update from the leader. | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server is reading a snapshot. | +| | +| 7. **Warnings and Errors**: | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | +| error = | +| | +| - A connection has been broken for a specific client ID. | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@34 | +| 9\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| - The server encountered an end-of-stream exception, indicating | +| an unexpected disconnection. | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@ | +| 793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if | +| server is in r-o mode | +| | +| - A connection request from an old client will be dropped if | +| the server is in read-only mode. | +| | +| **Overall System Activity** | +| | +| The logs indicate that the ZooKeeper server is actively managing | +| client connections and sessions, handling leader elections, | +| initializing and configuring the server, and synchronizing data with | +| followers. The server also deals with various warnings and errors, | +| such as unexpected shutdowns, broken connections, and session | +| expirations. | +| | +| Is there a specific part of this process you'd like to explore | +| further? | +| | +| You | +| | +| **Sent by you:** | +| | +| Should I be worried about the errors? | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Errors in your ZooKeeper logs, especially those causing shutdowns, | +| should definitely be investigated. Here are some steps to help you | +| understand and address these errors: | +| | +| **Key Error to Address** | +| | +| - **Unexpected Exception Causing Shutdown**: | +| | +| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | +| sock still open | +| | +| - This indicates a critical issue that caused the server to | +| shut down unexpectedly. It's important to identify the root | +| cause to prevent future occurrences. | +| | +| **Potential Causes and Actions** | +| | +| 1. **Software Bugs**: | +| | +| - **Cause**: There might be a bug in the ZooKeeper software or | +| your application. | +| | +| - **Action**: Check for any available updates or patches for | +| ZooKeeper. Review recent changes in your application that | +| might have introduced the issue. | +| | +| 2. **Resource Exhaustion**: | +| | +| - **Cause**: The server might be running out of resources | +| (e.g., memory, CPU). | +| | +| - **Action**: Monitor resource usage on the server. Consider | +| increasing resources or optimizing the application to use | +| fewer resources. | +| | +| 3. **Network Issues**: | +| | +| - **Cause**: Network instability can cause unexpected | +| disconnections and errors. | +| | +| - **Action**: Ensure that the network is stable and reliable. | +| Check for any network configuration issues or hardware | +| problems. | +| | +| 4. **Configuration Problems**: | +| | +| - **Cause**: Incorrect or suboptimal configuration settings can | +| lead to errors. | +| | +| - **Action**: Review your ZooKeeper configuration settings. | +| Ensure they are set according to best practices and your | +| specific use case. | +| | +| **Monitoring and Prevention** | +| | +| - **Log Monitoring**: Continuously monitor your logs for errors and | +| warnings. Set up alerts for critical issues. | +| | +| - **Regular Maintenance**: Perform regular maintenance tasks, such | +| as cleaning up old data and ensuring the server is running | +| optimally. | +| | +| - **Testing**: Test your application and ZooKeeper setup in a | +| staging environment before deploying changes to production. | +| | +| **Conclusion** | +| | +| While occasional errors might not be a cause for immediate concern, | +| frequent or critical errors like unexpected shutdowns should be | +| addressed promptly to ensure the stability and reliability of your | +| ZooKeeper service. | +| | +| Would you like more detailed guidance on any of these steps or have | +| any specific concerns about your setup? | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` +Snippet 2. Single checkpoint summarization in Label `C`. + +### Query about single checkpoint summarization in Label D +``` ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| | +| Can you summarize for me the following templates which correspond to | +| logs from an apache zookeeper service? In particular, what is | +| happening in the system? | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Certainly! Here's a summary of what is happening in the system based | +| on the provided Apache ZooKeeper log templates: | +| | +| **Summary of Log Events** | +| | +| 1. **Client Connection Attempts**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at | +| \<\*\> | +| | +| - A client is trying to connect to the ZooKeeper server. | +| | +| 2. **Socket Connection Closure**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> | +| which had sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has closed a socket connection for a client, | +| identified by a session ID. | +| | +| 3. **Session Establishment**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated | +| timeout \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| - A new session has been successfully established with a | +| client, including a negotiated timeout. | +| | +| 4. **Session Termination Processing**: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - | +| Processed session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has processed the termination of a session, | +| identified by a session ID. | +| | +| 5. **Socket Connection Acceptance**: | +| | +| - INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFact | +| ory\@197\] - | +| Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| - The server has accepted a new socket connection from a | +| client. | +| | +| 6. **Session Expiration**: | +| | +| - INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring | +| session \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| - A session has expired because its timeout period was | +| exceeded. | +| | +| 7. **End of Stream Exception**: | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@34 | +| 9\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| - The server encountered an end-of-stream exception, indicating | +| an unexpected disconnection. | +| | +| 8. **Connection Request from Old Client**: | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@ | +| 793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if | +| server is in r-o mode | +| | +| - A connection request from an old client will be dropped if | +| the server is in read-only mode. | +| | +| **Overall System Activity** | +| | +| The logs indicate that the ZooKeeper server is actively managing | +| client connections and sessions. It handles new connection attempts, | +| establishes and terminates sessions, and processes session | +| expirations. The server also deals with connection issues, such as | +| end-of-stream exceptions and connection requests from outdated | +| clients. | +| | +| Is there a specific part of this process you'd like to dive deeper | +| into? | +| | +| You | +| | +| **Sent by you:** | +| | +| Should I be worried about the end-of-stream exceptions? | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| End-of-stream exceptions in ZooKeeper logs can indicate that a client | +| connection was unexpectedly closed. While these exceptions are not | +| uncommon and can occur for various reasons, they are worth | +| monitoring. Here are a few considerations: | +| | +| **Potential Causes** | +| | +| 1. **Network Issues**: Temporary network disruptions can cause | +| clients to disconnect unexpectedly. | +| | +| 2. **Client-Side Problems**: The client application might be | +| experiencing issues or crashes. | +| | +| 3. **Server Overload**: The server might be under heavy load, | +| causing it to drop connections. | +| | +| **Impact** | +| | +| - **Transient Issues**: If these exceptions are infrequent, they | +| might not significantly impact the system. | +| | +| - **Persistent Problems**: Frequent end-of-stream exceptions could | +| indicate underlying issues that need to be addressed, such as | +| network instability or server performance problems. | +| | +| **Actions to Take** | +| | +| 1. **Monitor Frequency**: Keep an eye on how often these exceptions | +| occur. A sudden increase might warrant further investigation. | +| | +| 2. **Check Network Stability**: Ensure that the network between | +| clients and the server is stable and reliable. | +| | +| 3. **Review Client Logs**: Look at the client-side logs to see if | +| there are any corresponding errors or issues. | +| | +| 4. **Server Performance**: Monitor the server's performance metrics | +| to ensure it is not overloaded. | +| | +| If the end-of-stream exceptions are causing noticeable issues or if | +| their frequency increases, it would be a good idea to investigate | +| further to identify and resolve the root cause. | +| | +| Would you like more detailed steps on how to monitor and troubleshoot | +| these exceptions? | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` +Snippet 3. Single checkpoint summarization in Label `D`. + +### Query about pairwise comparison between checkpoints in Label D +``` ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| | +| Can you tell me the difference between these two set of logs? | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| And this other one: | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[ProcessThread(sid:2 cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@627\] | +| - Got user-level KeeperException when processing \<\*\> type:create | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> txntype:-1 reqpath:n/a Error \<\*\> | +| Error:KeeperErrorCode = NodeExists for \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Certainly! Here are the differences between the two sets of logs: | +| | +| 1. **Additional INFO Log**: | +| | +| - **Second Set**: Contains an additional INFO log: | +| | +| - INFO \[ProcessThread(sid:2 | +| cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@627\] - Got user-level | +| KeeperException when processing \<\*\> type:create \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> txntype:-1 reqpath:n/a Error \<\*\> | +| Error:KeeperErrorCode = NodeExists for \<\*\> | +| | +| This log indicates a KeeperException due to a node already existing. | +| | +| 2. **Error Log Presence**: | +| | +| - **First Set**: Does not contain the KeeperException log | +| mentioned above. | +| | +| These differences suggest that the second set of logs includes an | +| additional event where a KeeperException occurred, indicating an | +| attempt to create a node that already exists. | +| | +| Is there anything specific you need help with regarding these logs? | +| | +| You | +| | +| **Sent by you:** | +| | +| Is this \"KeeperException\" a serious error? | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| A KeeperException in ZooKeeper can vary in severity depending on the | +| specific type of exception. The NodeExistsException, which is | +| mentioned in your logs, indicates that an attempt was made to create | +| a node that already exists. [This is generally not a critical error | +| but rather an indication that the operation needs to handle the | +| existence of the node more | +| gracefully^1^](https://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/r3.3.3/api/org/apache | +| /zookeeper/KeeperException.html). | +| | +| [However, other types of KeeperException can be more serious, such | +| as ConnectionLossException or SessionExpiredException, which indicate | +| issues with the connection to the ZooKeeper server or session | +| management^1^](https://zookeeper.apache.org/doc/r3.3.3/api/org/apache | +| /zookeeper/KeeperException.html). | +| | +| Would you like more details on handling specific types | +| of KeeperException? | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` +Snippet 4. Pairwise checkpoint summarization in Label `D`. + +### Query about pairwise comparison between Label C and E + +``` ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +| | +| Can you please tell me the similarities between these two sets of log | +| lines from the Apache Zookeeper system? | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | +| still open | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | +| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | +| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | +| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | +| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | +| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | +| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | +| scheduled. | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | +| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | +| = | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode And this other one: | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | +| still open | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | +| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and setting | +| last processed zxid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | +| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | +| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | +| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | +| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@1001\] - | +| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session established | +| for client) | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | +| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: Socket closed | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@354\] - | +| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to java.io.IOException: | +| ZooKeeperServer not running | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Certainly! Here are the similarities between the two sets of log | +| lines from the Apache Zookeeper system: | +| | +| 1. **Log Levels**: Both sets include log lines with ERROR, INFO, | +| and WARN levels, indicating different severities of events. | +| | +| 2. **Placeholders**: Both sets use placeholders (\<\*\>) to | +| anonymize specific details such as session IDs, client IDs, or | +| other dynamic values. | +| | +| 3. **Common Events**: | +| | +| - **Unexpected Exceptions**: Both sets have ERROR logs related | +| to unexpected exceptions causing shutdowns. | +| | +| - **Leader Election**: Both sets include INFO logs about the | +| leader election process. | +| | +| - **Socket Connections**: Both sets log information about | +| socket connections being opened or closed. | +| | +| - **Session Management**: Both sets include logs about session | +| creation, termination, and expiration. | +| | +| - **Snapshot Reading**: Both sets have logs related to reading | +| snapshots. | +| | +| - **Client Requests**: Both sets log client connection requests | +| and attempts. | +| | +| 4. **Server Environment**: Both sets include logs about the server | +| environment and configuration details, such as Java vendor and | +| Zookeeper version. | +| | +| 5. **Warnings**: Both sets contain WARN logs about connection | +| issues, interruptions, and exceptions during operations. | +| | +| 6. **Specific Processes**: | +| | +| - **Leader Election Details**: Both sets provide detailed logs | +| about the leader election process, including notifications | +| and proposals. | +| | +| - **Session Handling**: Both sets log the establishment and | +| termination of sessions, including details about session IDs | +| and timeouts. | +| | +| - **Client Interactions**: Both sets include logs about client | +| interactions, such as connection attempts and socket | +| closures. | +| | +| These similarities indicate that both sets of logs are from the | +| Apache Zookeeper system, capturing various operational events and | +| issues related to leader election, session management, and client | +| connections. | +| | +| You | +| | +| **Sent by you:** | +| | +| Could you please tell me what is the difference between these two | +| sets of logs? | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | +| still open | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> to \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | +| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | +| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | +| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | +| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle Corporation | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | +| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My election | +| bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | +| scheduled. | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration from: | +| /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | +| | +| \- INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> error | +| = | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode And this other one: | +| | +| \- ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while sock | +| still open | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> - LEADER ELECTION TOOK - \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> \<\*\> to \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Client attempting to \<\*\> \<\*\> \<\*\> at \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> which had | +| sessionid \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Created server with tickTime 2000 minSessionTimeout | +| 4000 maxSessionTimeout 40000 datadir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| snapdir /var/lib/zookeeper/version-2 | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Established session \<\*\> with negotiated timeout | +| \<\*\> for client \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Getting a diff from the leader \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and setting | +| last processed zxid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - New election. My id = \<\*\> proposed \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Notification: \<\*\> (n.leader), \<\*\> (n.zxid), | +| \<\*\> (n.round), \<\*\> (n.state), \<\*\> (n.sid), \<\*\> | +| (n.peerEPoch), \<\*\> (my state) | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Reading snapshot \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | +| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | +| | +| \- INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@476\] - Processed | +| session termination for sessionid: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | +| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@1001\] - | +| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session established | +| for client) | +| | +| \- INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxnFactory\@197 | +| \] | +| - Accepted socket connection from \<\*\> | +| | +| \- INFO \[SessionTracker:ZooKeeperServer\@325\] - Expiring session | +| \<\*\> timeout of \<\*\> exceeded | +| | +| \- INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | +| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: Socket closed | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | +| | +| \- WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] - | +| caught end of stream exception | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@354\] - | +| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to java.io.IOException: | +| ZooKeeperServer not running | +| | +| \- WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Sure! Here are the differences between the two sets of logs: | +| | +| 1. **Error Logs**: | +| | +| - **First Set**: Contains two error logs: | +| | +| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected Exception: | +| | +| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | +| sock still open | +| | +| - **Second Set**: Contains only one error log: | +| | +| - ERROR \<\*\> - Unexpected exception causing shutdown while | +| sock still open | +| | +| 2. **INFO Logs**: | +| | +| - **First Set**: Includes the following INFO logs not present | +| in the second set: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Have smaller server identifier, so dropping the | +| connection: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Received connection request \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:java.vendor=Oracle | +| Corporation | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Server environment:zookeeper.version=3.4.5\--1, | +| built on 06/10/2013 17:26 GMT | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - TCP NoDelay set to: true | +| | +| - INFO \[Thread-1:QuorumCnxManager\$Listener\@486\] - My | +| election bind port: 0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:3888 | +| | +| - INFO \[main:DatadirCleanupManager\@101\] - Purge task is not | +| scheduled. | +| | +| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerConfig\@101\] - Reading configuration | +| from: /etc/zookeeper/conf/zoo.cfg | +| | +| - INFO \[main:QuorumPeerMain\@127\] - Starting quorum peer | +| | +| - **Second Set**: Includes the following INFO logs not present | +| in the first set: | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - \<\*\> exited loop! | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Follower sid: \<\*\> : info : \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Have quorum of supporters starting up and | +| setting last processed zxid: \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Notification time out: \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - Synchronizing with Follower sid: \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| \<\*\> \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> - shutdown of request processor complete | +| | +| - INFO \<\*\> cport:-1)::PrepRequestProcessor\@143\] - | +| PrepRequestProcessor exited loop! | +| | +| - INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:Learner\@107\] - | +| Revalidating client: \<\*\> | +| | +| - INFO | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@10 | +| 01\] - | +| Closed socket connection for client \<\*\> (no session | +| established for client) | +| | +| - INFO \[Thread-2:Leader\$LearnerCnxAcceptor\@309\] - exception | +| while shutting down acceptor: java.net.SocketException: | +| Socket closed | +| | +| 3. **WARN Logs**: | +| | +| - **First Set**: Contains the following WARN logs not present | +| in the second set: | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | +| error = | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | +| | +| - **Second Set**: Contains the following WARN logs not present | +| in the first set: | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@35 | +| 4\] - | +| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to | +| java.io.IOException: ZooKeeperServer not running | +| | +| These differences indicate that the first set of logs includes more | +| detailed information about the server environment and configuration, | +| while the second set includes more details about the election process | +| and issues encountered during synchronization and session management. | +| | +| Is there anything specific you need help with regarding these logs? | +| | +| You | +| | +| **Sent by you:** | +| | +| Can you be more specific about the differences of WARN logs? What is | +| changing betweem the two? | +| | +| Copilot | +| | +| **Sent by Copilot:** | +| | +| Certainly! Here are the specific differences in the WARN logs between | +| the two sets: | +| | +| 1. **First Set**: | +| | +| - **Connection Issues**: | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Connection broken for id \<\*\> my id = \<\*\> | +| error = | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupted while waiting for message on queue | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Interrupting SendWorker | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Send worker leaving thread | +| | +| These logs indicate issues with connection stability and | +| interruptions in the message queue and send worker processes. | +| | +| 2. **Second Set**: | +| | +| - **Leader and Session Issues**: | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Commiting zxid \<\*\> from \<\*\> not first! | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Exception when following the leader | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - First is 0x0 | +| | +| - WARN \<\*\> - Got zxid \<\*\> expected \<\*\> | +| | +| - WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@35 | +| 4\] - | +| Exception causing close of session 0x0 due to | +| java.io.IOException: ZooKeeperServer not running | +| | +| These logs highlight issues related to leader election and | +| synchronization, such as unexpected zxid values and exceptions when | +| following the leader, as well as a specific session closure due to | +| the server not running. | +| | +| Both sets share some common WARN logs related to connection issues: | +| | +| WARN \<\*\> - \*\*\*\*\*\*\* GOODBYE \<\*\> \*\*\*\*\*\*\*\* | +| | +| WARN \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:NIOServerCnxn\@349\] | +| - caught end of stream exception | +| | +| WARN | +| \[NIOServerCxn.Factory:0.0.0.0/0.0.0.0:2181:ZooKeeperServer\@793\] - | +| Connection request from old client \<\*\> will be dropped if server | +| is in r-o mode | +| | +| These differences suggest that the first set focuses more on | +| connection stability and worker interruptions, while the second set | +| emphasizes leader election and synchronization issues. | +| | +| Is there anything else you need help with regarding these logs? | ++-----------------------------------------------------------------------+ +``` +Snippet 5. Pairwise checkpoint summarization between Labels `C` and `D`. + +## Log datasets + +The following datasets were employed for each of the evaluation sections. These range in sizes from just a few thousand to four million logs. + +- Stream Processing analysis: The [Spark driver](data/spark-driver.log), [Flink job manager](data/flink-job-manager.log) and the [Kafka Streams worker #0](data/kafka-streams-worker-0.log) logs were used. +- Public dataset analysis: The [Zookeeper](data/Zookeeper.log) log collection from LogPai [4] was used. +- Multiple curve analysis: A proprietary dataset corresponding to three instances of the same application was used. This included stages such as application initialization, logger configuration, launching a Java server application, awaiting and servicing connections and also shutdown of the instance. +- Scalability analysis: The HDFS, BGL, Spark and Windows log datasets were used from the [LogHub collection](https://zenodo.org/records/8196385). They were cropped to one million log lines in order to test the runtime as function of the variability. + +## Citing + +If you use our work, please cite the following paper: + +Borysenkov, Dmytro, Adriano Vogel, Sören Henning, and Esteban Perez-Wohlfeil. "Analyzing Logs of Large-Scale Software Systems Using Time Curves Visualization". arXiv [Cs.SE], 2024. arXiv. http://arxiv.org/abs/2411.05533. + +## References + +1. Koffka, Kurt. *Principles of Gestalt psychology*. +routledge, 2013. + +2. Bach, Benjamin, Conglei Shi, Nicolas Heulot, Tara +Madhyastha, Tom Grabowski, and Pierre Dragicevic. \"Time curves: Folding +time to visualize patterns of temporal evolution in data.\" *IEEE +transactions on visualization and computer graphics* 22, no. 1 (2015): +559-568. + +3. Achiam, Josh, Steven Adler, Sandhini Agarwal, Lama Ahmad, +Ilge Akkaya, Florencia Leoni Aleman, Diogo Almeida et al. \"Gpt-4 +technical report.\" *arXiv preprint arXiv:2303.08774* (2023). + +4. Zhu, Jieming, Shilin He, Pinjia He, Jinyang Liu, and Michael R. Lyu. +"Loghub: A large collection of system log datasets for ai-driven log +analytics." In 2023 IEEE 34th International Symposium on Software +Reliability Engineering (ISSRE), pp. 355-366. IEEE, 2023. diff --git a/media/image11.png b/media/image11.png new file mode 100644 index 0000000..455d5bc Binary files /dev/null and b/media/image11.png differ