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<h1 class="title">Appendix B — Technical Note to the Professional Reader</h1>
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<p>The material presented in this book fits together with the technical literature as follows: Though I (JLS) had proceeded from first principles rather than from the literature, I have from the start cited work by Chung and Fraser <span class="citation" data-cites="chung1958randomization">(<a href="references.html#ref-chung1958randomization" role="doc-biblioref">1958</a>)</span> and Meyer Dwass <span class="citation" data-cites="dwass1957modified">(<a href="references.html#ref-dwass1957modified" role="doc-biblioref">1957</a>)</span> They suggested taking samples of permutations in a two-sample test as a way of extending the applicability of Fisher’s randomization test <span class="citation" data-cites="fisher1935design fisher1960design">(<a href="references.html#ref-fisher1935design" role="doc-biblioref">1935</a>; <a href="references.html#ref-fisher1960design" role="doc-biblioref">1960, chap. III</a>, section 21)</span>. Resampling with replacement from a single sample to determine sample statistic variability was suggested by Simon <span class="citation" data-cites="simon1969basic">(<a href="references.html#ref-simon1969basic" role="doc-biblioref">1969</a>)</span>. Independent work by Efron <span class="citation" data-cites="efron1979bootstrap">(<a href="references.html#ref-efron1979bootstrap" role="doc-biblioref">1979</a>)</span> explored the properties of this technique (Efron termed it the “bootstrap”) and lent it theoretical support. The notion of using these techniques routinely and in preference to conventional techniques based on Gaussian assumptions was suggested by Simon <span class="citation" data-cites="simon1969basic">(<a href="references.html#ref-simon1969basic" role="doc-biblioref">1969</a>)</span> and by Simon, Atkinson, and Shevokas <span class="citation" data-cites="simon1976probability">(<a href="references.html#ref-simon1976probability" role="doc-biblioref">1976</a>)</span>.</p>
<div id="refs" class="references csl-bib-body hanging-indent" data-entry-spacing="0" role="list" style="display: none">
<div id="ref-chung1958randomization" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Chung, James H, and Donald AS Fraser. 1958. <span>“Randomization Tests for a Multivariate Two-Sample Problem.”</span> <em>Journal of the American Statistical Association</em> 53 (283): 729–35. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2282050.pdf">https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2282050.pdf</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-dwass1957modified" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Dwass, Meyer. 1957. <span>“Modified Randomization Tests for Nonparametric Hypotheses.”</span> <em>The Annals of Mathematical Statistics</em>, 181–87. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2237031.pdf">https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2237031.pdf</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-efron1979bootstrap" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Efron, Bradley. 1979. <span>“Bootstrap Methods; Another Look at the Jackknife.”</span> <em>The Annals of Statistics</em> 7 (1): 1–26. <a href="http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~econ508/Papers/efron79.pdf">http://www.econ.uiuc.edu/~econ508/Papers/efron79.pdf</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-fisher1935design" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Fisher, Ronald Aylmer. 1935. <em>The Design of Experiments</em>. 1st ed. Edinburgh: <span>Oliver and Boyd Ltd</span>. <a href="https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502684">https://archive.org/details/in.ernet.dli.2015.502684</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-fisher1960design" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
———. 1960. <em>The Design of Experiments</em>. 7th ed. Edinburgh: <span>Oliver and Boyd Ltd</span>. <a href="https://archive.org/details/designofexperime0000rona_q7u5">https://archive.org/details/designofexperime0000rona_q7u5</a>.
</div>
<div id="ref-simon1969basic" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Simon, Julian Lincoln. 1969. <em>Basic Research Methods in Social Science</em>. 1st ed. New York: Random House.
</div>
<div id="ref-simon1976probability" class="csl-entry" role="listitem">
Simon, Julian Lincoln, David T Atkinson, and Carolyn Shevokas. 1976. <span>“Probability and Statistics: Experimental Results of a Radically Different Teaching Method.”</span> <em>The American Mathematical Monthly</em> 83 (9): 733–39. <a href="https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2318961.pdf">https://www.jstor.org/stable/pdf/2318961.pdf</a>.
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