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教女朋友一周学会 python 爬虫_1
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<a href="/%E6%95%99%E5%A5%B3%E6%9C%8B%E5%8F%8B%E4%B8%80%E5%91%A8%E5%AD%A6%E4%BC%9A%20python%20%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB_1.html" class="article-date">
<time datetime="2020-06-17T10:40:52.000Z" itemprop="datePublished">2020-06-17</time>
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<a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/python/">python</a> / <a class="article-category-link" href="/categories/python/%E7%88%AC%E8%99%AB/">爬虫</a>
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<span class="post-meta-item-text"> 字数统计:</span>
<span class="post-count">673</span>
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|
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<span class="post-meta-item-text"> 阅读时长≈</span>
<span class="post-count">2 分钟</span>
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<div class="article-entry" itemprop="articleBody">
<p>今天开始我将简单介绍一下网络爬虫，并开始带大家学习如何写爬虫</p>
<p><strong>一、爬虫介绍</strong></p>
<p> <strong>1、什么是爬虫？</strong></p>
<p>你可以把互联网想想成一个巨大的蜘蛛网，而爬虫就是一个小蜘蛛在网的各个节点中穿梭。 就像探测机器一样，基本操作就是模拟人去浏览各个网站，浏览数据，查看信息。</p>
<a id="more"></a>
<p> <strong>2、爬虫可以做什么？</strong></p>
<p><strong>（1）抢火车票：</strong></p>
<p>这应该是爬虫行业中使用量最大，很多抢票软件每秒对12306扫数千数万次。</p>
<p><strong>（2）刷浏览量：</strong></p>
<p>爬虫重灾区应该是微博无疑了，爬虫代码指向微博的某一个接口，可以获取用户的微博列表，微博动态，等等信息。</p>
<p>有的人用爬虫指挥机器人，来打开某人的微博进行点赞、评论或留言。也就是微博上所谓的僵尸粉（去年某坤微博转发过亿次还记得吗）。</p>
<p>还有很多更“好玩”的用处，这里就不废话了</p>
<p><strong>二、正式开始学习</strong></p>
<p>想写爬虫，首先要了解 URL：</p>
<p>统一资源定位符（Universal Resource Locator），简单说就是表示资源的地址（我们说某个网站的网址就是 URL）。</p>
<p><strong>1、urllib.request.urlopen（）函数</strong></p>
<blockquote>
<p><strong>urllib 是一个软件包，收集了几个用于处理URL的模块 ：</strong><br>.<br><strong>urllib.request ： 用于打开和阅读URL</strong><br>.<br><strong>urllib.error ： 包含由引发的异常 urllib.request</strong><br>.<br><strong>urllib.parse ： 用于解析URL</strong><br>.<br><strong>urllib.robotparser ： 用于解析robots.txt文件</strong></p>
</blockquote>
<p><strong>urllib.request—用于打开URL的可扩展库</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line">urllib.request.urlopen（url，data = <span class="literal">None</span>，[ timeout，] *，cafile = <span class="literal">None</span>，capath = <span class="literal">None</span>，cadefault = <span class="literal">False</span>，context = <span class="literal">None</span> ）</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment">##打开url，字符串或 Request 对象</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<p>data：访问URL时传输的数据</p>
<p>timeout：参数以秒为单位，检测是否超时</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="comment"># Time：2020/03/11 1:07</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># environment:IDLE</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>response=urllib.request.urlopen(<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>type(response)</span><br><span class="line"><<span class="class"><span class="keyword">class</span> '<span class="title">http</span>.<span class="title">client</span>.<span class="title">HTTPResponse</span>'></span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="class"># 返回 <span class="title">HTTPResponse</span> 类型数据</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<hr>
<p><strong>2、实例检测某网站的编码</strong></p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br><span class="line">6</span><br><span class="line">7</span><br><span class="line">8</span><br><span class="line">9</span><br><span class="line">10</span><br><span class="line">11</span><br><span class="line">12</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> chardet</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>url = input(<span class="string">'input address：'</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 输入网址</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>response = urllib.request.urlopen(url)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># urllib.request.urlopen信息传给response</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>infor = response.read()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="comment"># 返回获取到的页面内容</span></span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>encode = chardet.detect(infor)[<span class="string">'encoding'</span>]</span><br><span class="line">>>>print(encode)</span><br><span class="line">input address：http://www.baidu.com</span><br><span class="line">utf<span class="number">-8</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<hr>
<p><strong>3、检测网站状态</strong></p>
<p>“200”则说明网站正常</p>
<p>“404”就说明不正常</p>
<figure class="highlight python"><table><tr><td class="gutter"><pre><span class="line">1</span><br><span class="line">2</span><br><span class="line">3</span><br><span class="line">4</span><br><span class="line">5</span><br></pre></td><td class="code"><pre><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span><span class="keyword">import</span> urllib.request</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>response=urllib.request.urlopen(<span class="string">"http://www.baidu.com"</span>)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>code=response.getcode()</span><br><span class="line"><span class="meta">>>> </span>print(code)</span><br><span class="line"><span class="number">200</span></span><br></pre></td></tr></table></figure>
<hr>
<hr>
<hr>
<p>今天晚上一直看 LOL 直播，现在有点撑不住了，都凌晨一点半了</p>
<p>早起还要上网课</p>
<p>上完网课再更</p>
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