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<title>Surface Syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD) | SUD</title>
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<script src="https://unpkg.com/[email protected]/dist/reactive-dep-tree.umd.js" async deferred></script>
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<section class="page-header">
<h1 class="project-name">
SUD
</h1>
<h2 class="project-tagline">
Surface Syntactic Universal Dependencies
</h2>
<nav>
<a href="/" class="btn">Home</a>
<a href="https://github.com/surfacesyntacticud/guidelines/issues" class="btn">Discusssions</a>
<a href="/guidelines/u/" class="btn">Guidelines</a>
<a href="/data/" class="btn">SUD Corpora</a>
<a href="/conversions" class="btn">Comparison with UD</a>
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<h1>
Surface Syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD)
<span style="float: right; font-size:50%">
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</h1>
<p><img src="/images/sud.svg#floatleft" alt="Surface Syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD)"></p>
<p>SUD is an annotation scheme for syntactic dependency treebanks, and has a nearly perfect degree of two-way convertibility with the Universal Dependencies scheme (UD). Contrary to UD, it is based on syntactic criteria (favoring functional heads) and the relations are defined on distributional and functional bases.</p>
<h2 id="an-example">An Example:</h2>
<reactive-dep-tree
shown-metas="text_en"
shown-features="UPOS,LEMMA,FEATS.Tense,FEATS.VerbForm,FEATS.Number,FEATS.Person,MISC.Gloss,FEATS.ExtPos,FEATS.Idiom,FEATS.Title,FEATS.InIdiom,FEATS.InTitle,MISC.Reported"
hidden-features="XPOS"
interactive
conll="
# sent_id = email-enronsent19_01-0071
# text = I'm happy about this.
1 I I PRON PRP Case=Nom|Number=Sing|Person=1|PronType=Prs 2 subj _ SpaceAfter=No
2 'm be AUX VBP Mood=Ind|Tense=Pres|VerbForm=Fin 0 root _ _
3 happy happy ADJ JJ Degree=Pos 2 comp:pred _ _
4 about about ADP IN _ 3 mod _ _
5 SUD SUD PROPN DT Number=Sing 4 comp:obj _ SpaceAfter=No
6 . . PUNCT . _ 2 punct _ _
"
>
</reactive-dep-tree>
<p>To see more examples, head over to the <a href="guidelines/u/">universal SUD guidelines</a>, or to the dedicated <a href="guidelines/fr/">French</a> and <a href="guidelines/pcm/">Naija</a> pages.</p>
<h2 id="data">Data</h2>
<p>Automatic conversion to the SUD format is available <a href="data">here</a>.</p>
<h2 id="publications">Publications</h2>
<h3 id="papers-about-the-sud-annotation-scheme-and-sud-annotated-corpora">Papers about the SUD annotation scheme and SUD annotated corpora</h3>
<ul>
<li>Sylvain Kahane, Bernard Caron, Emmett Strickland, Kim Gerdes <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2021.tlt-1.4.pdf">Annotation guidelines of UD and SUD treebanks for spoken corpora: a proposal</a> in <a href="https://tlt2021.phil.hhu.de/">TLT 2021</a>.</li>
<li>Sylvain Kahane, Martine Vanhove, Rayan Ziane, Bruno Guillaume. <a href="https://aclanthology.org/2021.tlt-1.5.pdf">A morph-based and a word-based treebank for Beja</a> in <a href="https://tlt2021.phil.hhu.de/">TLT 2021</a>.</li>
<li>Kim Gerdes, Bruno Guillaume, Sylvain Kahane, Guy Perrier. <a href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-03509136v1">Starting a new treebank? Go SUD! Theoretical and practical benefits of the Surface-Syntactic distributional approach</a> in <a href="http://depling.org/depling2021/">DepLing 2021</a>.</li>
<li>Kim Gerdes, Bruno Guillaume, Sylvain Kahane, Guy Perrier. <a href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-02266003v1">Improving Surface-syntactic Universal Dependencies (SUD): surface-syntactic relations and deep syntactic features</a> in <a href="https://syntaxfest.github.io/syntaxfest19/tlt2019/tlt2019.html">TLT 2019</a>.</li>
<li>Kim Gerdes, Bruno Guillaume, Sylvain Kahane, Guy Perrier. <a href="https://hal.inria.fr/hal-01930614v1">SUD or Surface-Syntactic Universal Dependencies: An annotation scheme near-isomorphic to UD</a> in <a href="https://universaldependencies.org/udw18/">UDW 2018</a>.</li>
</ul>
<h3 id="other-publications-related-to-sud">Other publications related to SUD</h3>
<p>Some linguistic arguments in favor of SUD can be found in the Glossa article:</p>
<ul>
<li>Timothy Osborne, Kim Gerdes <a href="https://www.glossa-journal.org/article/10.5334/gjgl.537/">The status of function words in dependency grammar: A critique of Universal Dependencies (UD)</a></li>
</ul>
<p>Comparing syntactic complexity and cognitive constraint of SUD and UD:</p>
<ul>
<li>Yan, Jianwei, and Haitao Liu. <a href="https://www.aclweb.org/anthology/W19-7903.pdf">Which annotation scheme is more expedient to measure syntactic difficulty and cognitive demand?.</a> Presented at <a href="https://quasy-2019.webnode.com/">Quasy</a>, SyntaxFest 2019.</li>
</ul>
<h2 id="sud-relations-overview">SUD relations overview</h2>
<p>The picture below describes:</p>
<ul>
<li>in blue: the hierarchy of relations specific to SUD</li>
<li>in green: the relations shared with UD</li>
<li>in orange: the UD relations not used in SUD</li>
</ul>
<p>The light-blue boxes at the bottom correspond to the deep syntactic features.</p>
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<p><img src="/images/taxo.svg" alt="taxonomy"></p>
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