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1. A MicroPython SPI EEPROM driver

This driver supports the Microchip 25xx1024 series of 128KiB SPI EEPROMs and the STM M95M02-DR 256KiB device. These have 1M and 4M cycles of write endurance respectively (compared to 10K for Pyboard Flash memory).

Multiple chips may be used to construct a single logical nonvolatile memory module. The driver allows the memory either to be mounted in the target filesystem as a disk device or to be addressed as an array of bytes.

The driver has the following attributes:

  1. It supports multiple EEPROM chips to configure a single array.
  2. For performance, writes use page writes where possible.
  3. Page access improves the speed of multi-byte reads.
  4. It is cross-platform.
  5. The SPI bus can be shared with other chips.
  6. It supports filesystem mounting.
  7. Alternatively it can support byte-level access using Python slice syntax.
  8. RAM allocations are minimised. Buffer sizes are tiny.

1.1 Notes

As of Jan 2024 this driver has been updated to fix a bug where the device page size was less than 256. A further aim was to make the driver more generic, with a high chance of working with other SPI EEPROM chips. The constructor has additional optional args to support this.

On Pyboard D soft SPI should be used pending resolution of this PR.

Code samples assume one or more Microchip devices. If using the STM chip the SPI baudrate should be 5MHz and the chip size must be specified to the EEPROM constructor, e.g.:

eep = EEPROM(SPI(2, baudrate=5_000_000), cspins, 256)
Main readme

2. Connections

Any SPI interface may be used. The table below assumes a Pyboard running SPI(2) as per the test program. To wire up a single EEPROM chip, connect to a Pyboard as below. Pin numbers assume a PDIP package (8 pin plastic dual-in-line) for the Microchip device and 8 pin SOIC for the STM chip.

EEPROM Signal PB Signal
1 CS Y5 SS/
2 SO Y7 MISO
3 WP/ 3V3 3V3
4 Vss Gnd Gnd
5 SI Y8 MOSI
6 SCK Y6 SCK
7 HOLD/ 3V3 3V3
8 Vcc 3V3 3V3

For multiple chips a separate CS pin must be assigned to each chip: each one must be wired to a single chip's CS line. Multiple chips should have 3V3, Gnd, SCL, MOSI and MISO lines wired in parallel.

If you use a Pyboard D and power the EEPROMs from the 3V3 output you will need to enable the voltage rail by issuing:

machine.Pin.board.EN_3V3.value(1)
time.sleep(0.1)  # Allow decouplers to charge

Other platforms may vary.

It is wise to add a pullup resistor (say 10KΩ) from each CS/ line to 3.3V. This ensures that chips are deselected at initial power up when the microcontroller I/O pins are high impedance.

2.1 SPI Bus

The Microchip devices support baudrates up to 20MHz. The STM chip has a maximum of 5MHz. Both support the default SPI mode: simply specify the baudrate to the constructor.

The SPI bus is fast: wiring should be short and direct.

3. Files

  1. eeprom_spi.py Device driver.
  2. bdevice.py (In root directory) Base class for the device driver.
  3. eep_spi.py Test programs for above.

3.1 Installation

This installs the first three files in the lib directory.

On networked hardware this may be done with mip which is included in recent firmware. On non-networked hardware this is done using the official mpremote utility which should be installed on the PC as described in this doc.

Any hardware

On the PC issue:

$ mpremote mip install "github:peterhinch/micropython_eeprom/eeprom/spi"

Networked hardware

At the device REPL issue:

>>> import mip
>>> mip.install("github:peterhinch/micropython_eeprom/eeprom/spi")

4. The device driver

The driver supports mounting the EEPROM chips as a filesystem. Initially the device will be unformatted so it is necessary to issue code along these lines to format the device. Code assumes two Microchip devices and also assumes the littlefs filesystem:

import os
from machine import SPI, Pin
from eeprom_spi import EEPROM
cspins = (Pin(Pin.board.Y5, Pin.OUT, value=1), Pin(Pin.board.Y4, Pin.OUT, value=1))
eep = EEPROM(SPI(2, baudrate=20_000_000), cspins, 128)  # 128KiB chips
# Format the filesystem
os.VfsLfs2.mkfs(eep)  # Omit this to mount an existing filesystem
os.mount(eep,'/eeprom')

The above will reformat a drive with an existing filesystem: to mount an existing filesystem simply omit the commented line.

Note that, at the outset, you need to decide whether to use the array as a mounted filesystem or as a byte array. The filesystem is relatively small but has high integrity owing to the hardware longevity. Typical use-cases involve files which are frequently updated. These include files used for storing Python objects serialised using Pickle/json or files holding a btree database.

The SPI bus must be instantiated using the machine module.

4.1 The EEPROM class

An EEPROM instance represents a logical EEPROM: this may consist of multiple physical devices on a common SPI bus. Alternatively multiple EEPROM instances may share the bus, differentiated by their CS pins.

4.1.1 Constructor

This test each chip in the list of chip select pins - if a chip is detected on each chip select line an EEPROM array is instantiated. A RuntimeError will be raised if a device is not detected on a CS line.

Arguments:

  1. spi An initialised SPI bus created by machine.
  2. cspins A list or tuple of Pin instances. Each Pin must be initialised as an output (Pin.OUT) and with value=1 and be created by machine.
  3. size Chip size in KiB. Set to 256 for the STM chip, 128 for the Microchip.
  4. verbose=True If True, the constructor performs a presence check for an EEPROM on each chip select pin and reports devices it has detected. See 4.1.5 Auto detection for observations on production code.
  5. block_size=9 The block size reported to the filesystem. The size in bytes is 2**block_size so is 512 bytes by default.
  6. page_size=None EEPROM devices have a RAM buffer enabling fast writes. The driver determines this automatically by default. It is possible to override this by passing an integer being the page size in bytes: 16, 32, 64, 128 or 256. See 4.1.5 Auto detection for reasons why this is advised in production code.

SPI baudrate: The 25LC1024 supports baudrates of upto 20MHz. If this value is specified the platform will produce the highest available frequency not exceeding this figure. Note that the STM chip has a maximum rate of 5MHz.

4.1.2 Methods providing byte level access

It is possible to read and write individual bytes or arrays of arbitrary size. Larger arrays are faster, especially when writing: the driver uses the chip's hardware page access where possible. Writing a page (256 bytes) takes the same time as writing a single byte. This is 6ms max on the Microchip and 10ms max on the STM.

The examples below assume two devices, one with CS connected to Pyboard pin Y4 and the other with CS connected to Y5.

4.1.2.1 __getitem__ and __setitem__

These provides single byte or multi-byte access using slice notation. Example of single byte access:

from machine import SPI, Pin
from eeprom_spi import EEPROM
cspins = (Pin(Pin.board.Y5, Pin.OUT, value=1), Pin(Pin.board.Y4, Pin.OUT, value=1))
eep = EEPROM(SPI(2, baudrate=20_000_000), cspins, 128)
eep[2000] = 42
print(eep[2000])  # Return an integer

It is also possible to use slice notation to read or write multiple bytes. If writing, the size of the slice must match the length of the buffer:

from machine import SPI, Pin
from eeprom_spi import EEPROM
cspins = (Pin(Pin.board.Y5, Pin.OUT, value=1), Pin(Pin.board.Y4, Pin.OUT, value=1))
eep = EEPROM(SPI(2, baudrate=20_000_000), cspins, 128)
eep[2000:2002] = bytearray((42, 43))
print(eep[2000:2002])  # Returns a bytearray

Three argument slices are not supported: a third arg (other than 1) will cause an exception. One argument slices (eep[:5] or eep[13100:]) and negative args are supported. See section 4.2 for a typical application.

4.1.2.2 readwrite

This is a byte-level alternative to slice notation. It has the potential advantage when reading of using a pre-allocated buffer. Arguments:

  1. addr Starting byte address
  2. buf A bytearray or bytes instance containing data to write. In the read case it must be a (mutable) bytearray to hold data read.
  3. read If True, perform a read otherwise write. The size of the buffer determines the quantity of data read or written. A RuntimeError will be thrown if the read or write extends beyond the end of the physical space.

4.1.3 Other methods

The len operator

The size of the EEPROM array in bytes may be retrieved by issuing len(eep) where eep is an EEPROM instance.

scan

Activate each chip select in turn checking for a valid device and returns the number of EEPROM devices detected. A RuntimeError will be raised if any CS pin does not correspond to a valid chip.

Other than for debugging there is no need to call scan(): the constructor will throw a RuntimeError if it fails to communicate with and correctly identify the chip.

erase

Zero the entire array. Can take several seconds.

get_page_size

Return the page size in bytes.

4.1.4 Methods providing the block protocol

These are provided by the base class. For the protocol definition see the pyb documentation also here.

These methods exist purely to support the block protocol. They are undocumented: their use in application code is not recommended.

readblocks()
writeblocks()
ioctl()

4.1.5 Auto detection

The driver constructor uses auto-detection in two circumstances:

  • If verbose is specified, it checks each chip select for chip presence.
  • If page_size is set to None the value is determined by measurement.

In both cases data is written to the chips, then restored from RAM. If a power outage were to occur while either process was in progress, corruption could occur. It is therefore recommended that, in production code, verbose is False and page_size is set to an integer. The page size may be determined from the chip datasheet. It is also printed on instantiation if verbose is set: running any of the test scripts will do this.

4.2 Byte addressing usage example

A sample application: saving a configuration dict (which might be large and complicated):

import ujson
from machine import SPI, Pin
from eeprom_spi import EEPROM
cspins = (Pin(Pin.board.Y5, Pin.OUT, value=1), Pin(Pin.board.Y4, Pin.OUT, value=1))
eep = EEPROM(SPI(2, baudrate=20_000_000), cspins, 128)
d = {1:'one', 2:'two'}  # Some kind of large object
wdata = ujson.dumps(d).encode('utf8')
sl = '{:10d}'.format(len(wdata)).encode('utf8')
eep[0 : len(sl)] = sl  # Save data length in locations 0-9
start = 10  # Data goes in 10:
end = start + len(wdata)
eep[start : end] = wdata

After a power cycle the data may be read back. Instantiate eep as above, then issue:

slen = int(eep[:10].decode().strip())  # retrieve object size
start = 10
end = start + slen
d = ujson.loads(eep[start : end])

It is much more efficient in space and performance to store data in binary form but in many cases code simplicity matters, especially where the data structure is subject to change. An alternative to JSON is the pickle module. It is also possible to use JSON/pickle to store objects in a filesystem.

5. Test program eep_spi.py

This assumes a Pyboard 1.x or Pyboard D with two EEPROMs wired to SPI(2) as above with chip selects connected to pins Y4 and Y5. It provides the following. In all cases the stm arg should be True if using the STM chips. On other hardware, adapt cspins and get_eep at the start of the script.

5.1 test(stm=False)

This performs a basic test of single and multi-byte access to chip 0. The test reports how many chips can be accessed. The current page size is printed and its validity is tested. Existing array data will be lost. This primarily tests the driver: as a hardware test it is not exhaustive.

5.2 full_test(stm=False)

This is a hardware test. Tests the entire array. Fills the array with random data in blocks of 256 byes. After each block is written, it is read back and the contents compared to the data written. Existing array data will be lost.

5.3 fstest(format=False, stm=False)

If True is passed, formats the EEPROM array as a littlefs filesystem and mounts the device on /eeprom. If no arg is passed it mounts the array and lists the contents. It also prints the outcome of uos.statvfs on the array.

5.4 cptest(stm=False)

Tests copying the source files to the filesystem. The test will fail if the filesystem was not formatted. Lists the contents of the mountpoint and prints the outcome of uos.statvfs.

5.5 File copy

A rudimentary cp(source, dest) function is provided as a generic file copy routine for setup and debugging purposes at the REPL. The first argument is the full pathname to the source file. The second may be a full path to the destination file or a directory specifier which must have a trailing '/'. If an OSError is thrown (e.g. by the source file not existing or the EEPROM becoming full) it is up to the caller to handle it. For example (assuming the EEPROM is mounted on /eeprom):

cp('/flash/main.py','/eeprom/')

See upysh in micropython-lib for other filesystem tools for use at the REPL.